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Microbiology and Immunology > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Local Host Defence Mechanisms: Respiratory (3)

A
  • epithelial host defence functions
  • respiratory microecology
  • immune cells
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2
Q

ways in which Epithelial Host Defence Functions can become defective (4)

A
  • decreased mucocilary clearance
  • increased pathogen adhesion
  • decreased epithelial barrier
  • decreased antimicrobial activity
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3
Q

why Respiratory Microeccology can be altered (2)

A
  • decreased indigenous microflora
  • increased in conditional pathogenic microorganisms
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4
Q

why Immune Cells can become dysfunctional (2)

A
  • decreased alveolar macrophages
  • decreased natural killer cells
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5
Q

Components of mucocilliary transport mechanism (3)

A
  • epithelial barrier
  • respiratory mucus
  • respiratory cilla
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6
Q

Local defence mechanisms of respiratory tract (3)

A
  • mucocilliary transport mechanism
  • local production of immunoglobins
  • phagocytosis by macrophages
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7
Q

Which cells make up airway (3)

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • ciliated columnar calls
  • goblet cells (secret mucous)
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8
Q

How mucociliary clearance works

A
  • mucous layer (made of mucin) traps and protects epithelium from pathogen
  • columnar cilia sweep out pathogen in synchronized waves
  • pathogen and mucous is either coughed out or swallowed
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9
Q

Colonization and mucociliary clearance

A

damage to mucociliary clearance = easier colonization

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10
Q

Intrinsic factors to respiratory infection (5)

A
  • previous infections of respiratory tract
  • anatomical changes
  • immunocompromising medical conditions
  • biologic sex
  • family history/ genetic predisposition
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11
Q

Intrinsic factors to respiratory infection - Anatomical change (2)

A
  • congenital (ex; Cystic Fibrosis)
  • extrinsic factors (ex; smoking, previous infection causing damage)
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12
Q

Intrinsic factors to respiratory infection - immunocompromised

A
  • chronic disease (diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune) that weaken the immune system
  • pre-existing respiratory conditions (COPD, CF)
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13
Q

Intrinsic factors to respiratory infection - bio sex

A
  • male sex babies = higher risk for chronic middle ear infections (otitis media)
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14
Q

Extrinsic factors to respiratory infection - (8)

A
  • smoking
  • occupational/environmental exposure
  • recurent infections (Damage)
  • immunocomprimised (meds, IV drug use, nutrition)
  • living environment (second hand smoke, overcrowding, low income)
  • breast feeding
  • daycare attendance
  • vaccine status
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15
Q

Prevention of Respiratory Illness (5)

A
  • immunization programs
  • helping parents quit smoking/reducing smoke exposure
  • advocating for living conditions + medical research
  • addressing SDoH such as infant nutrition, over-crowding, etc.
  • PPE/hand-washing
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16
Q

Strep throat - which bacteria

A
  • group A betahemolytic streptococcus
  • known as Streptococcus pyogenes
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17
Q

Strep throat - gram status

A
  • gram positive, encapsuloated
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18
Q

Strep throat - how the microbe spreads through the body

A
  • produces streptokinase, which breaks down fibrin clots
  • this allows strep to spread to other tissues
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19
Q

Strep throat - symptoms (3)

A
  • enlarged lymph nodes
  • inflamed tissues
  • pus found on tonsils
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20
Q

Strep throat - diagnosis

A

throat swab

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21
Q

Strep throat - treatment

A
  • penicillin antibiotics
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22
Q

Strep throat - process of specimen collection (4)

A

1) patient tilts head backwards, opens mouth, stick tongue out as much as possible
2) use tongue depressor to hold tongue in place
3) without touching sides of the mouth use a charcoal swab to swab posterior pharynx and tonsillar arches (pt cough/gag)
4) C & S will take around 24 hours to obtain a result

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23
Q

Scarlet fever - bacterial agent

A

streptococcus pyogenes (same as strep throat)

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24
Q

Scarlet fever - pathogenesis

A
  • streptococci produce an erythrogenic toxin, which causes the rash
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25
Q

Scarlet fever - symptoms (3)

A
  • high fever
  • inflamed throat tissues
  • strawberry tongue
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26
Q

Scarlet fever - treatment

A
  • penecillin antibiotics
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27
Q

Diphtheria - bacteria

A
  • corynebacterium diptheriae
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28
Q

Diphtheria - gram status

A

gram-positive

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29
Q

Diphtheria - symptoms (3)

A
  • sore throat
  • neck swelling
  • blockage of respiratory passageways (membrane like accumulations)
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30
Q

Diphtheria - pathogenesis (2)

A
  • membrane like accumulations block respiratory passeageways
  • these accumulations are caused by exotoxin that destroys epithelial lining
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31
Q

Diphtheria - treatment

A
  • antibiotic therapy
  • antitoxin therapy
  • immunization (DPT vaccine)
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32
Q

Otitis Media - what

A

infection of the middle ear

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33
Q

Otitis Media - common population

A
  • childhood
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34
Q

Otitis Media - symptoms

A

earache

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35
Q

Otitis Media - bacteria (3)

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • staphylococcus aureus
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36
Q

Otitis Media - viral or bacterial

A

90% viral

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37
Q

Otitis Media - treatment

A
  • 72 hours of watching (rule out viral)
  • then initiate antibiotics
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38
Q

Otitis Media - specimen collection (2)

A
  • no specimen collection
  • tympanic membrane rupture and exudate mAY have specimen collection though not typical
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39
Q

Pneumonia - what

A
  • lung inflammation where air sacs fill with pus and become solid
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40
Q

Pneumonia - anatomical classifiations

A
  • double pneumonia
  • single pneumonia
  • lobar pneumonia
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41
Q

double Pneumonia

A

Pneumonia affecting both lungs

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42
Q

single Pneumonia

A

Pneumonia affecting one lung

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43
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

Pneumonia only affecting certain lobes

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44
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia - bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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45
Q

streptococcus pneumonia - gram status

A

gram-positive

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46
Q

streptococcus pneumonia - virrulence

A

a polysaccharide capsule (protects from phagocytosis)

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47
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia - lifetime immunity

A
  • capsule is antigenic, so antibodies specific for this capsule can neutralize the pathogen
  • however, 84 serotypes for this capsule so surviving one infection only provides immunity to 83 capsules
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48
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia - symptoms (5)

A
  • rigors
  • fever
  • consolidation of the lung
  • severe chest pain
  • SOB
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49
Q

most common pneumonia bacteria in adults

A

streptococcus pneumonia

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50
Q

what is consolidation of the lung

A
  • filling of the air spaces with bacteria, fluid, debris
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51
Q

Pneumonia and chest X-ray

A
  • pneumonia is seen as a white consolidation on x ray
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52
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia - treatment

A

aggressive penicillin therapy

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53
Q

Haemophilus influenzae - growth medium

A

blood-containing medium

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54
Q

Haemophilus influenzae - ideal host

A
  • transmitted respiratory
  • often attacks lungs of a person debilitated by viral influenza
  • grows in blood-containing medium
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55
Q

Bacteria for adult meningitis

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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56
Q

bacteria for childhood meningitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae B

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57
Q

bacteria for childhood epiglotittis

A

Haemophilus influenzae B

58
Q

Haemophilus influenzae - why it affects children

A
  • antibodies to the capsule in infants and children between 6 months and 3 years of age
  • under 6mo placental antibodies
  • after Haemophilus influenzae takes 3-5 years to develop antibodies
59
Q

Haemophilus influenzae - virrulence factor (2)

A
  • polysaccharide capsule
  • 6 types (type B = invasive)
60
Q

Haemophilus influenzae - prevention

A

vaccination - stimulate early generation of protective antibodies

61
Q

Main 2 bacteria causing Pneumonia

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
62
Q

Bacteria causing Atypical Pneumonias

A
  • mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • chlamidial pneumoniae
63
Q

Atypical pneumonia

A
  • drier cough
  • less sick appealing
64
Q

Mycoplasamal pneumonia

A
  • aka walking pneumonia
65
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A
  • exceptionally small sub-microscopic bacteria with no cell walls
66
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae - treatment

A

erythromycin antibiotic

67
Q

Chlamydial pneumoniae - gram status

A

gram negative

68
Q

Chlamydial pneumoniae - appearance

A

resembles influenxa

69
Q

Chlamydial pneumoniae - treatment

A
  • tetracycline therapy
70
Q

Pneumonia - sampling

A
  • spread via droplets = cant sample
  • sputum cultures not required unless failure with first line antibiotics
71
Q

Tuburculosis - bacteria

A

mycobacterium tuburcolosis

72
Q

Tuburculosis - acid fast ?

A

high lipid content in the cell wall = acid-fast on staining

73
Q

Tuburculosis - oxygen status

A
  • obligate aerobe (infects lungs)
74
Q

Tuberculosis - portal of entry

A

respiratory droplets and infection of lung tissues

75
Q

Legionella - bacteria

A

Legionella pneumophila

76
Q

Legionella pneumophila - Gram status

A
  • gram negative
77
Q

Legionella pneumophila - resevoir

A
  • collects and is airborne in wind gusts
78
Q

Legionella pneumophila - symptoms

A
  • high fever
  • lung consolidation
  • pneumonia
79
Q

Legionella pneumophila - treatment

A
  • erythromycin antibiotic
80
Q

Legionella pneumophila - historic outbreaks

A
  • poorly maintained artificial water systems (cooling towers, industry cooling systems, hot and cold water systems, whirlpool spas)
81
Q

Legionella pneumophila - movement

A

flagella

82
Q

Legionella pneumophila - oxygen status

A

aerobic

83
Q

Legionella pneumophila - pathogenesis (2)

A
  • invades macrophages
  • surround themselves in membrane bound vacule (no lysosomes) to multiply
84
Q

Legionella pneumophila - incubation period

A

2-10 days

85
Q

Legionella pneumophila - initial symptoms (6)

A
  • fever
  • loss of appetite
  • headache
  • malaise
  • lethargy
  • mild cough
86
Q

Legionella pneumophila - additional symptoms (4)

A
  • muscle pain
  • diarrhea
  • confusion
  • blood streaked phlegm (hemoptysis)
87
Q

Legionella pneumophila - complication (2)

A
  • blood streaked phlegm (hemoptysis)
  • pneumonia leading to resp failure leading to shock/ multi-organ failure
88
Q

hemoptysis

A

blood streaked phlegm

89
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - common name

A

whooping cough

90
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - mode of transmission

A

airborn droplets

91
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - anatomical site

A

trachea and bronchi

92
Q

Paroxysms of cough

A
  • a type of cough sounding like whooping
93
Q

Paroxysms of cough - described

A

1) paroxysm of trachea/bronchi
2) rapid inrush of air = high pitched whooping sound

94
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - incubation period

A

1 week

95
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - stages of disease (3)

A

1) catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks)
2) Paroxysmal stage (1-10 weeks)
3) convalescent stage (2-6 weeks or months)

96
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - stages of disease - catarrhal stage

A
  • 1-2 weeks
  • symptoms like URI, runny nose, fever, mild cough
  • most contagious here
97
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - stages of disease - most cotagious

A

catarrhal stage (first stage)

98
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - stages of disease - paroxymal stage (6)

A
  • 1-6 weeks, up to 10 weeks
  • fever subsides
  • paroxysm (burst) of numerous rapid coughs
  • followed by long inhale (whoop)
  • infants/young children appear very ill, turn blue, vomit
  • “whooping” does not necessarily have to accompany the cough
99
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - stages of disease - convalescent stage

A
  • 2-6 weeks or months
  • cough usually disapears, but paroxysms may recur whenever the patient suffers any subsequent resp infection
100
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - primary age

A
  • can infect any age, but is worse in infants and children
101
Q

Bordetella Pertusis - treatment

A
  • erythromycin and other antibiotics
  • DPT vaccien
102
Q

The common cold - cause

A
  • virus from Picornaviridae virus =
    • rhinoviruses
    • coronaviruses
    • adenoviruses
103
Q

Rhinoviruses (2)

A
  • non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses
  • most common cause for common cold
104
Q

coronaviruses - what

A

single stranded enveloped RNA

105
Q

adenoviruses

A
  • double stranded DNA wrapped in a protective protein coat
106
Q

Symptoms of rhinovirus vs coronavirus vs adenovirus

A

virtually indestinguishable

107
Q

common cold - spread

A
  • transmitted through hand to hand spread of mucous membrane and dropplet secretions
  • cough and sneezing produce aerosols
  • rhinovirus can stay on surfaces for up to a week
108
Q

Common cold - treatment

A
  • lessening symptoms
  • antiviral therapies not available
109
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - symptoms

A
  • mild, cold-like symptoms
110
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - recovery

A

most people recover in a week, more serious in infants and older adults

111
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - at risk poulations

A
  • infants
  • older adults
112
Q

most common cause of pneumonia and broncholitis in children less than 1 year

A
  • Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV)
113
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - genetic material

A

RNA

114
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - pathogenesis

A
  • cause cell cultures to fuse and form clusters called syncytia
115
Q

Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) - symptoms in children

A
  • severe coughing and wheezing
  • distinct lung sound on lung auscultation (popping)
  • signs of respiratory distress are usually evident
116
Q

Coronaviruses - symptoms

A
  • commmon cold to ultimately fatal illness
117
Q

Coronaviruses - genetic material

A

single stranded RNA viruses encircled with a viral nucleocapsid envelope

118
Q

SARS-CoV-2 - unique structure

A
  • are spherical particles
  • have proteins called spikes protruding from their surface, thus giving the apperance of a crown
119
Q

SARS-CoV-2 - pathogenesis

A
  • spike proteins latch onto human cells, then undergo structural change that allows the viral membrane to fuse with the cell membrane
  • viral genes can then enter the host cell to be copied producing more viruses
120
Q

Coronaviruses vs SARS CoV-2

A
  • COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis
  • COVID-19 shows higher transmission competence
121
Q

Coronaviruses - specimen collection

A
  • nasopharangeal swab (NP)
  • swab inserted deeply into nasal cavity (pt. will likely flinch)
  • twirl swab three times and kept in place for 10 seconds
122
Q

Influenza - genetic material

A
  • eight RNA strands helically wound and enclosed in a capsid
123
Q

Influensa classifications

A
  • A and B
124
Q

influenza classification - which causes morbidity and mortality

A
  • Influenza A viruses
125
Q

Influenza - when epidemics occur

A
  • yearly
  • between late december and early march
126
Q

Influenza - pathogenesis

A
  • long glycoprotein spikes (HA and NA) attach and release newly formed virions
  • mutation can occur in HA or NA during replication = new strains
  • can cause Antigenic Drift (less virulent) or Antigenic Shift (more virrulent)
127
Q

Antigenic drift

A

when influenzae HA or NA proteins mutate to become less attacked by immune system and cause milder disease

128
Q

Antigenic shift

A

change of the HA or NA resulting in increased susceptibility to disease

129
Q

Fungal Respiratory Infections

A
  • histoplasmosis
  • aspergillosis
  • pneumocystis pneumonia
130
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • fungal disease
131
Q

Histoplasmosis - caused by

A
  • the yesat Histoplasma Capsulatum
132
Q

Histoplasmosis - infection symptoms

A
  • infection similar to TB (esp immunocompromised individuals)
133
Q

Histoplasmosis - associated with

A

bird and bat droppings

134
Q

Aspergillosis - caused by

A
  • fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
135
Q

Aspergillosis - pathogenesis

A
  • fungus grows in lung tissues and forms compact ball of fungal mycelium, blocking respiratory passegways
136
Q

Aspergillosis - treatment

A
  • surgical excising of mass of fungi
  • anti-fungals
137
Q

Pneumocyctis pneumonia - fungus

A
  • Pneumocyctis carinii
138
Q

Pneumocyctis carinii - what is it

A

usually considered protozoan, it might be a fungus

139
Q

Pneumocyctis pneumonia - patient population

A
  • AIDS patients
140
Q

Pneumocyctis pneumonia - pathogenesis

A
  • organisms grow in lungs of immunocomprimised individuals and cause severe consolidation, which can lead to death (50% of AIDS deaths)

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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