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Microbiology and Immunology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of immune system (2)

A
  • protect body from pathogens
  • destroy abnormal cells (Cancerous)
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2
Q

2 systems to protect against pathogens

A

1) innate immune system (ade up of barriers and innate cells)
2) adaptave immune system (B - lymphocytes and T lympthocytes)

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3
Q

What makes up innate immune system (2)

A

barriers
innate cells

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4
Q

What makes up adaptive immune system (2)

A
  • B - lymphocytes
  • T - cells
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5
Q

Properties of innate immune system (7)

A
  • Innate = int eh body since birth
  • does not require/have memory
  • responds immediately
  • is always initiated when pathogen contacts body
  • non-specific
  • uses pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbial structures
  • first and second lines of defence
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6
Q

How do pathogens enter our bodies (4)

A
  • skin
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • respiratory tract
  • urogenital tract
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7
Q

Barriers - physical

A
  • skin (tight junctions of epithelial cells)
  • mucous membranes (globlet cells produce mucous, ciliated epithelial cells sweep it away)
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8
Q

Barriers - chemical

A
  • acidic environment
  • lysosome (tears, saliva)
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9
Q

Barriers - microflora

A
  • microflora = normal flora keep other bacteria in check
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10
Q

Microflora - benefits (5)

A
  • can have bacteria that interact normally with the body
  • associate with epithelial cells line all pathogen entry points
  • produce chemicals that can inhibit growth of invading bacteria
  • symbiotic relationship
  • can be opportunistic (when host is weakens, or in a new place)
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11
Q

Second line defences (4)

A
  • defensive cells
  • defensive proteins
  • inflammation
  • fever
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12
Q

WBC of innate immune system (7)

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • mast cells
  • macrophages
  • natural killer cells (lymphocytes)
  • basophil
  • dendritic cell
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13
Q

Neutrophils (2)

A
  • first responders
  • live in blood
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14
Q

Phagocytes (3)

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophage
  • immature dendritic cells
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15
Q

Macrophage (2)

A
  • arise from blood monocytes
  • can consume larger particles
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16
Q

Immature dendritic cell

A
  • important intermediary between innate and adaptive immune system
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17
Q

Eosinophils (3)

A
  • defense against parasitic infections
  • able to digest much larger particles
  • also have role in allergic reactions
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18
Q

Lymphocytes - Natural killer (2nd line) (4)

A
  • surveys body for abnormal cells
  • kill intracellular viruses
  • role in killing cancerous cells
  • cytoplasmic granules = toxic enzymes that are injected into abnormal cell, degradation of viral RNA/DNA = apoptosis
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19
Q

Defence proteins (5)

A
  • complement system
  • 30+ plasma and cell surface proteins that work in concert to fight invading microorganisms through
  • opsonization–>phagocytosis
  • inflammation
  • lysis
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20
Q

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

A
  • produce chemotaxis of leukocytes
  • EX: chemokines, interferons (IFN)
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21
Q

Inflammation - what (3)

A
  • activated phagocytes secrete chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat, swelling
  • inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
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22
Q

Hypothalamus and temperature regulation

A
  • activated = prostaglandins
    –> fever (early response to an infection)
    –>increased body temp kills pathogens, slow bacterial growth, speed up body defences
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23
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • macrophage/neutrophil ingest and kill invading pathogens
24
Q

Phagocytosis steps (3)

A

1) recognition and adherence
2) engulfment
3) intracellular killing

25
Q

Properties of adaptive immunity (6)

A
  • can distinguish one specific microbe from another
  • develops memory for subsequent exposures of the same microbe
  • Two types (humoral immunity = B and cell mediate immunity = T)
  • T cell immunity important against intracellular pathogens
  • B cell immunity (Abs) help eliminate extracellular pathogens
  • cannot distinguish microbial antigens from self antigens –> autoimmune disorders
26
Q

Humoural immunity - function (3)

A
  • produce specific antibodies to fight against particular extracellular pathogens
  • stored in lymphoid tissue, produced in liver
  • activated after exposure to antigen
27
Q

Activation of humoural immunity (5)

A
  • antigen recognition
  • activation of B lymphocytes
  • proliferation
  • differentiation
  • OUTCOME = antibody secretion, isotope switching, affinity maturation, memory B cell
28
Q

Antibodies - what

A
  • Immune Globulin (IG)
29
Q

Immune Globulin - types (5)

A
  • G = IgG
  • A = IgA
  • M = IgM
  • E = IgE
  • D = IgD
30
Q

IgG - 3

A
  • most abundant
    -can cross the placenta and enter the fetus (3 months after birth
  • enter tissues via inflammation to destroy infection (enhance phagocytosis)
31
Q

IgA (3)

A
  • bodily secretions (tear, intestinal mucous, saliva)
  • mucosal immunity in GI and resp to protect against enterence of bacteria
  • importance to newborns in breastfeeding
32
Q

IgM (2)

A
  • primary pathogen response
  • neutralize pathogens
33
Q

IgE (3)

A
  • hypersensitivity reaction
  • some parasitic infection (mast cell)
  • does not function in neutralization or phagocytosis
34
Q

IgD (3)

A
  • B cell receptor
  • help to bind antigens
  • currently unknown function
35
Q

Role of antibodies

A

1) neutralization
2) Fc receptors

36
Q

Role of antibodies - neutralization (1)

A
  • block pathogen receptors that are used to gain entry in to a cell or tissues
37
Q

Role of antibodies - Fc receptors (1)

A
  • phagocytes express surface receptors that bind Abs, called Fc receptors which triggers phagocytosis
38
Q

Primary response and Ig antibodies

A
  • Ab response: IgM secreted first, then IgG/A/E later
39
Q

Memory response and Ig antibodies

A
  • high number of IgG, IgA or IgE
40
Q

Lab results - differentiating between acute and previous infection

A
  • IgM - “It’s got Me” = acute
  • IgG - “It’s Gone” = previous infection
41
Q

Blood types and reactions - IgM

A
  • A antigens - blood type B
  • B antigens - blood type B
  • both = AB
  • neither = O
  • individuals with type A have pre-informed antibodies to type B antibodies, which cause glutenation and hemolysis of antibodies…different
42
Q

Cell Mediated immunity (3)

A
  • intracellular bacterias, viruses, any bacteria that are out of reach of antibodies and have escaped phagocytosis
  • T cells = bone marrow, then Thymus, then maturation
  • Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
43
Q

Main defences in T cell immunity

A
  • T helper cell (CD4+)
  • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
44
Q

MHC

A
  • have classes 1 and 2
  • play role in adaptive branch
  • presenting peptides on the cells surface for T cells
45
Q

T cell receptor (TCR)

A
  • have antigens from bacteria presented to them
  • required
  • expresses variable region specific for one specific peptide or antigen, creates antigen binding site
46
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A
  • intracellular bacteria, viruses, bacteria out of reach of antibodies and have escaped phagocytosis
  • T cells arrise in bone marrow –> migrate to Thymus for multiple stages of maturation
  • TCR, CD4, CD8 co-receptors
  • helper T cells and cytotoxic t cells
47
Q

CD4+

A
  • T helper cells
48
Q

CD8+

A

cytotoxic T cells

49
Q

MHC molecule

A
  • classes 1 and 2
  • play role in adaptive immune system
  • present peptides on cell surface for recognition by T cells
50
Q

T cell receptors bind to

A

pROTEIN antigens presented by all antigens

51
Q

How does T cell function

A

an MHC molecule presents a pathogen peptide

52
Q

2 classes of MHC molecules and which type of T cell

A
  • MHC class I molecules = cytotoxic T cells
  • MHC class II molecules = helper T cells
53
Q

Steps of T cell activation (3)

A

1) recognition and activation
2) proliferation and differentiation
3) effector function

54
Q

T cell transformation as it activates:

A

1) APC
2) Naive T cell
3) activated T-cell
4) effector T-cell OR memory T-cell

55
Q

Helper T-cell - CD4 - cytokines

A
  • interferon = macrophages, apoptosis, stimulates B cells to stimulate
  • alarm bells to all other cells of immune system
56
Q

Cytotoxic T cells -effector

A
  • effector = toxic enxymes that cause nucleic function to decline = apoptosis
57
Q
A

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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