Week 1 Flashcards
What are pathogenic microorganisms (5 types)
- bacteria
- virus
- parasite
- fungi
- parasitic protozoa
The pathogens that cause serious human infections (3)
BACTERIA is number one
then worms
then viruses
10 most burdensome infectious diseases in ontario
- hepatitis C virus
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Hepatitis B virus
- E. coli
- HIV/AIDS
- staphylococcus aureus
- influenza
- clostridium difficile
- rhinovirus
Leading cause of death - higher income
lower respiratory infections are the only to make the list
Leading cause of death - lower income
5/10 are infections (lower respiratory, diarrhoeal, malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS,
Social determinants of health + infectious disease
- when inequities are high, community assets low, health outcomes are WORST
Endemic Disease
- disease is always present in a population within a region
- “expected” levels
Epidemic (1)
a rapid increase in cases higher than expected in a population within a region
Epidemic examples
- EX SARS, Ebola, Cholera
Pandemic
an epidemic that becomes widespread over several regions, countries, continents
Outbreak
epidemic on a MUCH smaller scale (ex hospital floor)
Chain of infection
Infectious agent –> resevoir –> portal of exit –> mode of transmission –> portal of entry –> susceptible host
Resevoir
habitat where organism grows, lives, multiplies
- people
- equipment
- water
- animal
Portal of exit
means to leave the body
- excretions
- secretions
- droplets
Mode of transmission
- contact
- droplet
- airborne
- vector-borne
- vehicle-borne
Portal of entry
- respiratory tract
- GI tract
- Mucous membranes
- skin
Susceptible host
- people with chronic disease
- immunocompromised
- very young
- elderly
Opportunities to break chain of infection
- infectious agent is eliminated
- portal of exit is managed via IPC practices
- transmission does not occure due to IPC
- portal of entry is protected
- reducing susceptibility of patients recieving healthcare
Infectious agent is eliminated:
- rapid identification and management of organisms
- clean and disinfect environement
Portal of exit is managed
- hand hygeine
- PPE
- safe packaging
- disposal of waste
Transmission does not occur
- hand hygeine
- isolation of infected patients
- air flow control
Portal of entry is protected
- aseptic non-touch tequnique
- safe catheter care
- wound care
reduce susceptibility of patients
- treatment of underlying disease
- recognize high risk patients
Host-pathogen relationship - 3 factors
1) number of organisms in or on the host (higher = greater risk)
2) virulence of the organism
3) host defenses or degree of resistance
