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Microbiology and Immunology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogenic microorganisms (5 types)

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • parasite
  • fungi
  • parasitic protozoa
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2
Q

The pathogens that cause serious human infections (3)

A

BACTERIA is number one
then worms
then viruses

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3
Q

10 most burdensome infectious diseases in ontario

A
  • hepatitis C virus
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • E. coli
  • HIV/AIDS
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • influenza
  • clostridium difficile
  • rhinovirus
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4
Q

Leading cause of death - higher income

A

lower respiratory infections are the only to make the list

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5
Q

Leading cause of death - lower income

A

5/10 are infections (lower respiratory, diarrhoeal, malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS,

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6
Q

Social determinants of health + infectious disease

A
  • when inequities are high, community assets low, health outcomes are WORST
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7
Q

Endemic Disease

A
  • disease is always present in a population within a region
  • “expected” levels
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8
Q

Epidemic (1)

A

a rapid increase in cases higher than expected in a population within a region

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9
Q

Epidemic examples

A
  • EX SARS, Ebola, Cholera
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10
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that becomes widespread over several regions, countries, continents

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11
Q

Outbreak

A

epidemic on a MUCH smaller scale (ex hospital floor)

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12
Q

Chain of infection

A

Infectious agent –> resevoir –> portal of exit –> mode of transmission –> portal of entry –> susceptible host

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13
Q

Resevoir

A

habitat where organism grows, lives, multiplies
- people
- equipment
- water
- animal

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14
Q

Portal of exit

A

means to leave the body
- excretions
- secretions
- droplets

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15
Q

Mode of transmission

A
  • contact
  • droplet
  • airborne
  • vector-borne
  • vehicle-borne
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16
Q

Portal of entry

A
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • Mucous membranes
  • skin
17
Q

Susceptible host

A
  • people with chronic disease
  • immunocompromised
  • very young
  • elderly
18
Q

Opportunities to break chain of infection

A
  • infectious agent is eliminated
  • portal of exit is managed via IPC practices
  • transmission does not occure due to IPC
  • portal of entry is protected
  • reducing susceptibility of patients recieving healthcare
19
Q

Infectious agent is eliminated:

A
  • rapid identification and management of organisms
  • clean and disinfect environement
20
Q

Portal of exit is managed

A
  • hand hygeine
  • PPE
  • safe packaging
  • disposal of waste
21
Q

Transmission does not occur

A
  • hand hygeine
  • isolation of infected patients
  • air flow control
22
Q

Portal of entry is protected

A
  • aseptic non-touch tequnique
  • safe catheter care
  • wound care
23
Q

reduce susceptibility of patients

A
  • treatment of underlying disease
  • recognize high risk patients
24
Q

Host-pathogen relationship - 3 factors

A

1) number of organisms in or on the host (higher = greater risk)
2) virulence of the organism
3) host defenses or degree of resistance

25
Q

Virrulence

A

capacity of a microbe to cause disease

26
Q

Why do some pathogens cause disease and others don’t

A
  • Virulence (ability of organism to cause infectious disease)
  • some infectious agents are easily transmitted but not very likely to cause disease (Ex polio)
  • other infectious agents are very virulent, but not terribly contagious (ebola)
27
Q

Virulence factors of pathogens

A

1) flagella , pili, capsules
2) exotoxins and endotoxins

28
Q

Flagella

A

tails on bacteria for movement

29
Q

Pili

A

aka fimbrae
short straight filaments that allow pathogens to bind to cells

30
Q

Capsules

A

sugar coating on pathogens that make macrophages unable to target them

31
Q

Exotoxins

A

exert biological effect on host cells
EX neurotoxins cause paralysis
others cause diarrhea, etc.
pyrogenic toxins = cause fever and rash

32
Q

Endotoxins

A
  • lipopolysachuride, gram - bacteria
  • cause fever, malaise, etc.
33
Q

Host susceptibility (5)

A
  • immune system
  • age
  • nutrition
  • genetic defects
  • medications (ex chemo)
34
Q

Host resistance (3)

A
  • Barriers (epithelial layer, resp and GI tract,)
  • Chemical (tears, saliva, gastric juice)
  • Immunity against a particular agent (vaccines, antibody, etc.)

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

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