Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology and Immunology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacterial vaginosis

A

overgrowth of gardinerella vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bacterial vaginosis - which microbe

A

gardinerella vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

causes of Bacterial vaginosis (4)

A

changes in vaginal environment
- douching (rinsing vagina)
- new/multiple sex partners
- use of antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gardinerella vaginalis - how it infects

A

naturally exists in vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathophysiology of bacterial vaginosis

A
  • decrease in population of other natural bacteria
  • increase in populatiojn of gardinerella vaginalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacterial vaginosis - symptoms

A
  • copious vaginal discharge
  • fishy odour
  • pregnant women (preterm labour)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacterial vaginosis - diagnosis`

A

1) wet mount (sample from vagina)
2) put under microscope
3) examine vaginal epithelial cells for signs of clue (bacteria) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for bacterial vaginosis

A
  • antibiotics to remove gardinerella vaginalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prevention of bacterial vaginosis

A
  • condoms (new/multiple sex partners)
  • otherwise No true prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

UTI

A
  • urinary tract infection
  • infection of kidneys, ureters, bladder, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Upper UTI - where (2)

A
  • kidney
  • ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lower UTI - where

A
  • urinary bladder
  • prostate
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

medical term for bladder infection

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

infection of renal pelvis (the region where urine drains into ureters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

populations most prone to UTI

A
  • children
  • elderly
  • women (pregnancy, sex, menopause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common Bacteria causing UTI

A

E. Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical setting: bacteria causing UTI (3)

A
  • E. Coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Proteus mirabilis

(all gram negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bacteria causing UTI - gram status

A

gram negative (all)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Symptoms of uncomplicated UTI (7)

A
  • burning sensation with urination
  • increased frequency of urination
  • poor control over urge
  • pinkish or whitish urine
  • pain while passing urine
  • fever
  • occasional abdominal pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pyelonephritis symptoms (5)

A
  • high-grade fever
  • shivering/chills/rigors
  • vomiting
  • pain in the back and sides of abdomen
  • reduced urinary output (advanced)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Host conditions + UTI (4)

A
  • conditions that disrupt washout of the agent from urinary tract
  • change the protective properties of mucin lining of urinary tract
  • disrupting the protective function of normal bacterial flora
  • impair the function of the immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Virulence of agents causing UTIs (4)

A
  • ability to gain access to and thrive in the urinary tract
  • ability to adhere to the tissues of the lower or upper urinary tract
  • ability to evade the destructive effects of the host’s immune system
  • develop resistance to antimicrobial agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pathogenesis of a UTI

A
  • bacteria enters through urethra (with aid of pilli)
  • bacteria colonizes in the bladder
  • pyelonephritis = when infection ascends from Lower urinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mid stream Urine collection instructions (7)

A

1) wash hands with soap
2) remove and open towettes
3)
- female = seperate folds of urinary opening and clean
with towlette (back to front)
- Males = clean head of penis
4) remove container from package (do not touch inside of container)
5) begin urination into toilet. As urination continues, bring container into stream, fill specimen half way
6) remove cap from package (do not touch inside of cap)
7) screw cap on container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How to test for UTI

A
  • urine dipstick
  • Urinary culture and sensitivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does urine dipstick test for (UTI)

A
  • leukocytes
  • blood
  • protein
  • nitrates (if infected with E. Coli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Yeast infections - fungus

A

Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Candica albicans

A

normal part of flora, oropharynx, bowels, skin, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Candidiasis - can it be transmitted sexually

A

can be passed back and forth between partners if a favourable environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

A

culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diagnosis of candidasis

A
  • vaginal culture showing budding yeast filaments (hyphae) or spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Epididymitis

A
  • inflammation of epididymis (cordlike structure around border of testes which matures and transports sperm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 types of Epididymitis

A
  • sexually transmitted infections (urethritis)
  • non-sexually transmitted infections (UTI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

types of pathogens causing Epididymitis

A

typically bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Primary nonsexual Epididymitis - pathogenesis

A

pressure associated with voiding/physical strain forces pathogen-containing urine from urethra/prostate up the ejaculatory duct, through vas deferens, into epididymys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pre-pubertal children with Epididymitis - pathogeneiss

A
  • congenital urinary tract abnormalities
  • typically gram negative bacteria (E.Coli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sexually transmitted Epididymitis - which population

A
  • young adult males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Epididymitis - initial symptoms (24-48 hours)

A
  • unilateral pain and swelling
  • erethema and edema of overlying scrotal skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Epididymitis - later symptoms

A
  • fever (1/2 cases)
  • dysuria (1/2 of cases)
  • urethral discharge (depending on organism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Epididymitis - diagnosis

A
  • urinalisis and urine culture (bacteruria, pyruria)
  • may be absent on these –> urethral swabs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pyuria

A

pus in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Orchitis - what

A

infection of the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Orchitis - how it happens

A
  • primary infection in GU tract
  • OR systemic infection spread by blood or lymphatic tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Orchitis - common pathogen for systemic spreacd

A

mumps!!! - orchitis in 20-30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Orchitis - symptoms (3)`

A
  • acute!!!
  • fever
  • painful enlargement of the testes
  • absence of urinary symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Prostatitis - what

A

variety of inflammatory disorders of the prostate (bacterial or other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Prostatitis - cause

A
  • spontaneously due to catheterization
  • secondary to other diseases of male GU system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis - classification

A

considered a subtype of UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis - etiology

A

ascending urethral infection OR reflux of infected urine into prostatic ducts
- E. Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis - symptoms (7)

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • malaise
  • myalgia
    -frequent and urgent urination
  • dysuria and urethral discharge
  • dull aching in perenium, rectum, sacrococcygeal region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis - urine appearance

A

cloudy and malodorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis - rectal examination (4)

A
  • a firm, swollen, very tender, and warm prostate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Balanitis - what

A

infection of the glans penis (head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Balanitis - pathogen

A

fungal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Balanitis - common population

A

more common in uncircumcised males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - symptoms

A
  • typically asymptomatic
  • Skin and mucous membrane lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Types of Herpes infections

A
  • mouth and tongue infections
  • genitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - types

A
  • HSV 2
  • HSV2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - family

A

Herpesviridae family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - genetic material

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - which virus affects where on the body

A
  • HSV-1 = above the waist (mouth and tongue)
  • HSV-2 = below the waist (genitals)

but BOTH viruses can cause both infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - transmission (2)

A
  • most contagious = transmission by virus-filled lesions
  • CAN be spread by asymptomatic shedding (saliva and genital secretions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - pathogenesis

A
  • binds onto skin of new host
  • binds to epithelial cell receptors
  • skin internalizes virus
  • lytic cycle (viral DNA transcribed and translated by cell to form viral proteins = new herpes viruses to infect cells
  • latent cycle (virus infects sensory neurons, travel up axon to cell body and settles into sensory ganglia of face or sacrum FOR LIFE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - lytic cycles

A

viral DNA transcribed and translated by cell to form viral proteins = new herpes viruses to infect cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus - latent cycle

A

(virus infects sensory neurons, travel up axon to cell body and settles into sensory ganglia of face or sacrum FOR LIFE)
- herpes from sensory neurons re-infect epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Triggers for herpes episode

A
  • stress
  • skin damage
  • viral illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Herpes Prodrome symptoms

A
  • tingling or burning one day before blisters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Herpes - symptoms of primary infection

A

usually asymptomatic
symptoms worse in primary infection than subsequent ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Oral Herpes - where lesions occur (5)

A
  • gums
  • palate
  • tongue
  • lip
  • facial area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Oral Herpes - primary age of onset

A

children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Oral Herpes - symptoms

A
  • lesions in oral area
  • fever
  • enlarged lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Herpes lesion

A

clusters of small, painful, fluid filled blisters that ooze, ulcerate and health in a few weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

common complication of oral herpes in children and adults

A

Pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Reactivation of oral herpes - lesions are where

A
  • asymptomatic
  • often at vermillion border (edge of lips)
  • smaller and heal faster
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Genital herpes - Female - Primary infection Lesions are where

A
  • labia majora and minora
  • mous pubis
  • vaginal mucosa
  • cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Genital herpes - Male - Primary infection Lesions are where

A

shaft of penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Reactivation of genital herpes

A
  • often no symptoms
  • fewer blisters
  • resolves in about a week
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Hepatic Whitlow

A
  • infected finger or nailbed
  • when finger rubs against active lesion
  • note: easy to transfer to other body parts (autoinocculation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Herpes Gladiatorum

A
  • infection of trunk, extremities and head
  • common in wrestlers
80
Q

Eczema Herpeticum

A
  • Herpes infection with Burns or Atopic dermatities
  • serious infection in these areas
81
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis

A
  • Herpes infection in the eye
  • inflammation of Cornea (blurry vision, branching dendritic lesion)
  • Inflammation of conjuctiva (pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity
82
Q

Inflammation of cornea symptoms (2)

A
  • blurry vision
  • branching dendritic lesion
83
Q

Inflammation of conjunctiva (4)

A
  • pain
  • redness
  • tearing
  • sensitivity
84
Q

Herpes in the CNS

A
  • can cause meningitis or encephalitis
  • typically in temporal lobe
  • commonly happens during reactivation (virus in blood)
  • lumbar puncture = increased RBC, WBC, protein levels
85
Q

Herpes - from mother to baby

A
  • happens at birth (baby passes through maternal vaginal secretions)
  • 3 patterns of illness
86
Q

Herpes - from mother to baby - Skin, eye, mucous membrane involvement

A
  • lesions 1-2 weeks after delivery
  • at sites of damaged skin (ex fetal electrode sites)S
87
Q

Herpes - from mother to baby - 3 types

A
  • skin, eye, mucous membrane involvfement
  • CNS infection
  • disseminated infection
88
Q

Herpes - from mother to baby - CNS

A
  • lethargy, irritability
  • Seizures
  • 2-3 weeks after delivery
  • Lumbar puncture, CT, MRI, EEG
89
Q

Herpes - from mother to baby - disseminated infection (2)

A
  • sepsis, organ failure
  • from lack of treating other types
90
Q

HSV in immunocompromised people

A
  • more frequent reactivation
  • more severe symptoms
  • wider range of symptoms (lesions in esophagus, lungs)
91
Q

HSV diagnosis

A
  • how skin or mucous membrane lesions look
  • PCR = viral DNA
  • antibody response to virus
  • growing virus in culture
92
Q

HSV treatment

A
  • often resolves without treatment
  • antiviral drugs (reduce pain, speed healing OR take at start of prodrome)
  • high-dose IV antivirals for severe cases
93
Q

Syphillis - bacterium

A

treponema pallidum

94
Q

Syphillis - shape

A

spirochete shape

95
Q

Syphillis - transmission

A
  • SEX ( oral, vaginal, anal)
  • childbirth
96
Q

Syphilis - stages of infection

A

1) infected
2) primary syphilis (show symptoms)
3) Secondary syphilis (spirochete spreads to blood)
4) Early latent syphilis (no symptoms)
5) Late latent syphilis (no symptoms)
6) Tertiary syphilils (death)

97
Q

Primary Syphillis

A
  • chancre (lesion on shaft or tip of penis, OR cervix)
    • deep indurated lesion
    • painless
  • Lymphadenopathy - inguinal lymph nodes are elarged/painful
98
Q

Chancre in syphyllis

A

lesion on shaft or tip of penis, OR cervix)
- deep indurated lesion
- painless

99
Q

When does primary Syphillis happen

A

3 weeks after infection

100
Q

When does secondary Syphillis happen

A

9 weeks after infection (3-6 weeks after primary)

101
Q

Secondary Syphillis - symptoms

A
  • Fever (immune response from WBC, cytokines, etc.)
  • condyloma lata = large white wart on mucous membranes (tip of penis, vaginal wall)
  • lymphadenopathy (local or systemic)
  • Maculopapular rash = all over body (palms/soles of feet)
102
Q

condyloma lata (2)

A
  • large white wart on mucous membranes (tip of penis, vaginal wall)
  • characteristic of syphyllis
103
Q

Early latent syphyllis vs Late Latent syphyllis

A
  • early = more likely to relapse
    -early = more contagious
104
Q

Late latent syphyllis - how long after infection

A

2 years after initial infection

105
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases - discharge transmission (3)

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonnorhea
  • Trichomoniasis
106
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases - Ulcer transmission (2)

A
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
  • Syphyllis
107
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases - Wart transmission (2)

A
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Molluscum contagiosum
108
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases - Bloodborne transmission

A
  • Human immunodeficiency virus
  • Hepatitis B
109
Q

Chlamydia - transmission

A

discharge

110
Q

Gonnorhea - transmission

A

discharge

111
Q

Trichomoniasis - transmission

A

Discharge

112
Q

Herpes - transmission

A
  • ulcer
113
Q

syphylis - transmission

A

Ulcer

114
Q

HPV - transmission

A

wart

115
Q

Molluscum contagiosum - transmission

A

wart

116
Q

HIV - transmission

A

blood

117
Q

hepatitis B - transmission

A

Blood

118
Q

Longterm effects of untreated STI (8)

A
  • STI persistance
  • STI recurrance
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (scarring of vagina, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes)
  • pelvic pain (incl. painful periods)
  • challenges getting pregnant
  • ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside uterus)
  • increase in fluid discharge
  • infectious conditions = lesions on genitals
119
Q

Chlamydia - bacteria

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis

120
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis - gram status

A

gram negative

121
Q

Chlamydia - symptoms

A
  • mostly asymptomatic-
  • milder disease
122
Q

Chlamydia - complications

A
  • infertility
  • pelvic inflammatory disease
  • chronic pelvic pain
  • increase risk of ectopic pregnancy
123
Q

Chlamydia - how it enters the body

A
  • intercourse –> bacteria enters through perigenital skin or mucous membranes
124
Q

Chlamydia in infants

A
  • can cause blindness in infants
125
Q

Chlamydia - global status

A

leading cause of blindness in developing countries

126
Q

Gonorrhea - shape

A

diplococci

127
Q

Gonorrhea - gram status

A

gram negative

128
Q

Gonorrhea - pathogen class

A

bacterial

129
Q

Gonorrhea - virrulence

A
  • pilli = attachment
  • outer membrane = escape phagocytosis
  • produces endotoxin
130
Q

Gonorrhea - common other infections

A

often occurs at the same time as Chlamy- can be asymptomatic
- change or increase in vaginal discharge
- bleeding between periods
- pain or bleeding during/after vaginal sex
- pain in lower abdomen
- burning upon urination

131
Q

Gonorrhea - transmission

A
  • oral, vaginal, anal sex
132
Q

Gonorrhea - symptoms - vagina (6)

A
  • can be asymptomatic
  • change or increase in vaginal discharge
  • bleeding between periods
  • pain or bleeding during/after vaginal sex
  • pain in lower abdomen
  • burning upon urination
133
Q

Gonorrhea - symptoms - penis

A
  • burning upon urination
  • discharge from penis
  • burning/itching around opening of penis
  • pain in testicles
134
Q

Gonorrhea - complications (5)

A
  • infertility
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • chronic pelvic pain
  • increased risk for ectopic pregnancy
  • pain in the testicles
135
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis - pathogen class

A

protozoa

136
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis - virulence factor

A

flagella (motion)

137
Q

Trichomonas - men symptoms

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • maybe mild urethritis
138
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis - symptoms (vagina) (4)

A
  • off-white/yellow frothy vaginal discharge
  • ocassional itching
  • dysuria
  • asymptomatic
139
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis - pregnancy (3)

A

complications
- premature rupture of the membranes
- preterm birth
- low birth weight

140
Q

Syphillis - gram status

A

gram negative

141
Q

Syphillis - transmission

A
  • sexual contact
  • mother-child
142
Q

Syphillis - common population

A
  • men who have sex with men
143
Q

Syphillis - trend

A

increasing with time

144
Q

Neurosyphillis

A
  • CNS, ocular, optic involvement
  • Neurologic, psychiatric, visual, ocular, auditory, vestibular s/s
  • symptoms vary depending on when it occurs in course of infection
  • few months to few years after initial infection
145
Q

Meningo-vascular syphilis sypmtoms

A
  • stroke like syndrome
  • progresses to CVA (stroke)
146
Q

Ocular neurosyphilis symptoms (4)

A
  • blurred vision
  • vison loss
  • eye pain
  • eye redness
147
Q

Tertiary syphyllis - when

A

decade or more after initial infection if left untreated

148
Q

Tertiary syphllis - symptoms (3)

A
  • Cardiovascular disease (aortic aneurysm, aortic valve insufficiency, etc,)
  • Late neurologic complication (general paresis, tabes dorsalis (neuro degen) gummatous disease of CNS
  • Late benign syphillis (gumma of skin, bone, vicera, soft tissue)
149
Q

Untreated syphilis - pregnancy

A
  • child with congenital syphillis
  • consequences for developing fetus
150
Q

Syphilis - immunity

A
  • a person treated for syphilis can become reinfected multiple times (no long-term immunity)
151
Q

Human papilomavirus - causes which disease (2)

A

Condylomata acuminate, genital warts

152
Q

HPV infection - symptoms (4)

A
  • mostly asymptomatic
  • genital warts (sometimes)
  • PAP test abnormalities
  • Cervical cancer
153
Q

HPV - enveloped?

A

non-enveloped

154
Q

HPV - cervical cancer (why)

A
  • HPV proliferates and causes lesions in squamous epithelium of cervix
  • certain subtypes (16, 18) associated with cervical dypolasia and angogenital cancers
155
Q

HPV progression

A
  • viral inoculation into squamous epithelium
  • HPV lesions produced
  • Incubation over 6 weeks to 8 months
  • most individuals with healthy immune system clear virus after 3 months (30%) or 2 years (90%)
156
Q

Genital warts presentation

A
  • soft, raised, fleshy lesions on external genetalia
  • flat, rough, penduculated
157
Q

Molluscum Contagiousum - pathogen

A
  • viral
158
Q

Molluscum Contagiousum - presentation

A
  • ubilicated papules (dome-like, dimpled)
159
Q

Molluscum Contagiousum - transmission

A
  • mildly contagious
  • skin-to-skin contact, fomites, autoinoculation
160
Q

Molluscum Contagiousum - progression

A
  • benign and self-limiting
  • spontaneously regresses over 6 months - 1 year
161
Q

Molluscum Contagiousum - treatment

A

typically no treatment (treatments are skaring)

162
Q

Monkeypox - global

A
  • first identified in 1970 in republic of the Congo
  • 2022 = outbreak (2000 cases in 37 countries)
163
Q

Monkeypox - transmission

A
  • not typically an STI, but current 2022 outbreak identified sex as a role in transmission
164
Q

Monkeypox - pathogen class

A
  • viral zoonosis (virus from humans to animals)
165
Q

Monkeypox - symptoms

A
  • similar to smallpox (clinically less severe)
166
Q

Monkeypox - classification

A

orthopoxvirus

167
Q

Monkeypox - communities found in

A

typically rural communities in central and west africa near tropical rainforests
- increasing spread urban

168
Q

Monkeypox - transmission (human-human)

A
  • close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions, recently contaminated objects
  • droplet respiratory particles (prolonged face-to-face contact) putting health workers at risk
169
Q

Monkeypox - common populations

A
  • Men who have sex with men
  • patients with pre-existing HIV
170
Q

Monkeypox - incubation period

A

6-13 days (range to 5-21)

171
Q

Monkeypox - invasive period symptoms (4)

A
  • fever
  • intense headache
  • lymphadenopathy
  • skin eruption to face and extremities (palms/soles, oral mucous membranes, genitalia, conjunctivae)
  • self-limiting disease (2-4 weeks)
172
Q

Monkeypox - rash progression

A

1) macules (lesions with flat base)
2) papules (slightly raised firm lesions)
3) vesicles (lesions with clear fluid)
4) pustules (lesions with yellow fluid)
5) crusts (dry up and fall off)

173
Q

Monkeypox - at risk population

A
  • children
  • people with extensive virus exposure
  • patient health status
  • nature of complications
174
Q

Monkeypox - complications

A
  • cornea impacts
  • lesions coalescing to large sections of skin sloughing off
175
Q

Nursing role in GU complaints (6)

A
  • know what you can and cannot test for
  • know when you should and should not test
  • know which test to use when
  • know specimen collection techniques and storage guidlines
  • counselling pre/post testing
  • education for pt
176
Q

STI risk factors (who to screen) (16)

A
  • sexual contact with person with known STI
  • sexually active youth under 25
  • new sexual partner
  • more than 2 sexual partners in one year
  • serial monogamous indicifuals who have had a series of one-partner relationships over time
  • no contraception or sole use of non-barrier methods
  • IV drug use
  • other substance use (cocaine, meth) esp if associated with sex
  • pregnancy (vehicle transmission)
  • individual with unsafe sexual practices (unprotected, oral/genital/anal sex, sex with blood exchange, sharing toys)
  • sex workers/clients
  • survival sex
  • street involvement/homelessness
  • anonymous sexual partnering (bar, rave)
  • victims of sexual assault
  • previous STI
177
Q

How to screen for STI

A

Depends on organism you are looking for
- culture
- microscopy
- antigen detection
- nucleic acid detection (nucleic acid hybridization, NAAT)
- visual inspection

178
Q

“I have been tested” syndrome: (2)

A

1) Individual who tested negative after multiple STI screenings = false sense of security
2) indiidual who recieved medical attention (pap smear, given blood) who THINKS they were tested for STIs

EDUCATION

179
Q

History - STI testing

A
  • asking is not enough:
  • be STI specific
  • clarifty routine blood work/urine test =/ testing
180
Q

Which STI testing is most sensitive

A

NAAT (nucleic acid screening)

181
Q

Which STI testing is most specific

A

culture testing

182
Q

When to send samples (STI)

A

within 24 hours

183
Q

how to take a Chlamydia trachomatis/Gonnorhea NAAT test

A

urethral, cervical (NOT vaginal), throat, rectal swabs
- can also send urine for NAAT (culture for pregnancy)

184
Q

How to diagnose HIV, Hepatitis, Syphilis

A
  • serology (regardless of suspected stage of infection
185
Q

HPV - diagnosis (2)

A
  • Warts = no specific further testing required
  • Pap smear - DNA/RNA test to find at risk genotypes (16/18/45)
186
Q

HSV diagnosis

A
  • fluid for culture or NAAT (swab de-roofed lesion)
  • ulcers = gently scrape the base of the lesion for culture or NAAT
187
Q

STI reporting requirements and confidentiality

A
  • Child Protection Act (release personal info without consent for STI where child abuse is suspected)
  • Patients informed info will only be reported as per law (young people for STI care)
  • Partner notification = identify sexual partners and other contacts + assess them. Done by patient, HCP or public health
188
Q

Chamydia - treatment

A
  • antibiotics
  • curable
189
Q

Gonorrhea - treatment

A
  • antibiotics (resistance developing)
  • curable
190
Q

Sphyllis - treatment

A
  • antibiotics
  • curable
191
Q

Hepatitis C - treatment

A
  • antiviral
  • curable
192
Q

HPV - treatmemt

A
  • often clear on own
  • treat warts with LN
  • curable
193
Q

Trich/BV - treatment

A
  • treat with antibiotics (not STI)
  • curable
194
Q

Yeast infection - treatment

A
  • antifungal supps, cream, oral meds
  • curable
195
Q

HSV - treatment

A
  • antivirals to reduce pain
  • not curable
196
Q

HIV/AIDS - treatment

A
  • antiretrovirals
  • not cureable
197
Q

Hep B - treatmement

A
  • not cureable

Microbiology and Immunology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions