Week 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Staphylococcus Aureus - causes 4 diseases
A
1) Localized abscess (skin/bone)
2) Sepsis + acute endocarditis
3) hospital-aquirred and post-influenzal pneumonia
4) toxin-associated syndromes
2
Q
Abscess to bone
A
Osteomyelitis
3
Q
Staphylococcus Aureus - shape
A
cocci
4
Q
Staphylococcus Aureus - gram status
A
gram positive
5
Q
Staphylococcus Aureus - virulence factors (3)
A
- cell wall
- protein A (inhibits phagocytosis)
- membrane damaging exotoxins
6
Q
Folliculitis - what
A
when hair follicles become inflammed
7
Q
Folliculitis - cause
A
bacterial or fungal infection
8
Q
Folliculitis - symptoms
A
- small red bumps or white headed pimbles around hair follicles
- can spread and turn into nonhealing crusty sores
- tenderness/itchiness at site
9
Q
Folliculitis - complications
A
- Furnicle (abscess/deep pustule)
- Carbuncle (a group of follicles that coalece into one painful infected area)
10
Q
Folliculitis - common names (3)
A
- hot tub rash
- razor bumps
- barber’s itch
11
Q
Staphyloccocal Scaled Skin Syndrome - what
A
- diffuse, scarlet fever-like rash
- deeper skin infection
12
Q
Staphyloccocal Scaled Skin Syndrome - pathogenesis
A
superficial layers of epidermis are separated and shed in sheds
- caused by hematologic spread of toxins from focal infection (nasopharynx, superficial skin abrasion)
13
Q
Staphyloccocal Scaled Skin Syndrome - at risk population
A
children under 5
14
Q
Staphyloccocal Scaled Skin Syndrome - symptoms (5)
A
- scarlet fever-like rash
- malaise
- fever
- irritability
- extreme tenderness over the skin
15
Q
Bullous Impetigo - pathogenesis
A
- a thin blister that erupts and appears to be cloudy
- eventually rupture and crust
- caused by staphylococcus
16
Q
Where are Bullous Impetigo found (4)
A
- trunk
- axilla
- extremities
- diaper area
17
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - what
A
a bacteria resistant to several antibiotics
18
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - complications
A
- pneumonia
- surgical site infections
- sepsis
- death
19
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - risk
A
areas like hospital and nursing home - causes outbreaks
20
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - transmission
A
- direct contact with an infected wound
- contaminated hands (of HCP)
- contact with MRSA carriers
21
Q
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus - diagnosis
A
culture of bacteria
22
Q
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - infects what
A
- skin and soft tissue infections
23
Q
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - types of skin infections
A
1) impetigo
2) celulitis
3) erysipelas
4) necrotizing faciitis, non gas forming
24
Q
impetigo
A
reddish sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth and on the hands and feet.
25
Celulitis
a common bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the infected area of the skin
26
erysipelas
a skin infection involving the dermis layer of the skin, but it may also extend to the superficial cutaneous lymphatics. It is characterized by an area of erythema that is well demarcated, raised, and often affects the lower extremities, with the face being the second most commonly affected site.
27
Necrotizing facitis
- flesh eating disease
28
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - gram status
gram positive
29
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - oxygen status
aerotolerant (no oxygen)
30
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci - virulence factors (3)
- capsule containing hyaluronic acid
- fimbriae
- exotoxins
31
impetigo - common group
infants and young children
32
impetigo - common season
warm summer months, warm moist climates
33
impetigo - contributing factors (2)
- overcrowded housing
- poor hygeine
34
impetigo - presentation
small vesicle or pustule or bulla on the face (can occur elsewhere)
35
impetigo - pathogenesis (3)
- small vesicle or pustule or bulla on the face (can occur elsewhere)
- primary lesion ruptures and leaves area that discharges honoey coloured liquid that hardens and crusts
- new vessicles erupt in hours, and pruitis causes scratching to multiply infection sites
36
Erysipelas - what
- infection of upper layers of the skin
- group a streptococcus
- fiery red rask with raised edges
- warm to touch
37
Erysipelas - pathogenesis
- minor traua (bruise, burn, wound, incision)
- rash then appears on trunk, arm, legs at localized lesion
38
Erysipelas - symptoms
- firery rash
- high fever
- chills
- headache
- nausea
- malaise
39
Cellulitis - what
- deper infection affecting dermis and subcutaneous tissues
40
Cellulitis - common sites
legs
hands
pinnae of ears
41
Cellulitis - rash
lesion consisting of expanding red, swollen, tender plaque with indefinite border, covering a small to wide area
42
Cellulitis - accompaning symptoms
- lesion
- fever
- erythema
- heat
- edema
- papin
43
Cellulitis - complications
- septicemia
- nephritis
- death
44
Measles: which virus
morbillivirus
45
Scarlet fever: which bacteria
streptococcus pyogenes
46
Rubella: which virus
togavirus
47
Erethema infectiosum: which virus
Panovirus B19
48
Roseola infantum - which virus
HHV-6 HHV-7
49
Measles (Rubeola) - genetic material
RNA
50
Measles (Rubeola) - rash
- macular and blotchy
- begins on face and spreads to apendages
51
Measles (Rubeola) - transmission
- direct contact with discharge from nose and throat
- air-borne droplets from infected person
52
Measles (Rubeola) - symptoms
- rash
- fever
- Cough
- Coryza
- Conjuncivitis
- Koplik spots in mouth
53
Coryza
inflammation of mucus membrane in the nose
54
Koplik spots
- tiny, bluish white spots on erethematous base
- cluster adjacent to molars on buccal mucosa
55
Measles (Rubeola) - prevention
proper immunization with vaccine
56
Rubella - rash characteristics
- diffuse, pinkish macular rash
- begins on trunk and spreads to arms and legs
57
Rubella - symptoms (4)
- mild fever
- rash
- postauricular, suboccipital and cervical lymphadenopathy is common
- cold-like symptoms
58
Rubella - transmission (2)
- pregnant mother to unborn child
- contact with secretions from another infected person
59
Rubella - prevention
proper immunization with vaccine
60
Rubella - long-lasting consequences
- none for adults and children
61
Rubella - pregnant woman early in gestation - complication
- congenital rubella syndrome
- miscarriage
62
congenital rubella syndrome - symptoms (12)
- cataracts
- microcephaly
- mental retardation
- deafness
- Cardiac defects
- patent ductus arteriosus
- tetralogy of fallot (VSD with RV outflow obstruction)
- pulmonic stenosis
- glaucoma
- bone defects
- tetralogy of fallot (VSD with RV outflow obstruction)
- pulmonic stenosis
- overriding aorta
63
Roseola Infantum - virus
Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV-6)
64
Roseola Infantum - age
- 95% below age 3
- peak age = 9 months
65
Roseola Infantum - why the target age?
- transplacental antibodies protect infants until 6 months of age
- develop own immune system after age 3
66
Roseola Infantum - type of rash
- maculopapular rash
- cover trunk, spread to appendges
67
Roseola Infantum - symptoms
- rash
- abrupt onset of high fever (40)
- irritability
68
Roseola Infantum - complication
febrile seizures
69
Erythema Infectiosum - which virus
Human Parovirus B19
70
Erythema Infectiosum - transmission
- direct contact with nasal/throat discharge
- also through blood
- vertical transmission (mother and fetus)
71
Erythema Infectiosum - symptoms (3)
- rash
- pruitis (itchy)
- rarely has a high fever
72
Erythema Infectiosum - pathogenesis
- bright erethematous rash at first on cheeks and forhead, circumoral pallor
- may reappear as child is exposed to sunlight, extremes in temp, or trauma for the skin
- symetric "lacey" maculopapular rash on trunk happens next
73
Erythema Infectiosum - pregnancy complication
- fetal hydrops
- death of fetus
74
fetal hydrops
large amounts of fluid build up in a baby's tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling (edema
75
Chicken pox - virus
varicella-zoster virus (form of herpes virus)
76
Varicella - stagers of skin
1) Papular stage
2) vesicle stage
3) ulcer/scabbing stage
77
Varicella - Papular stage (2)
- stage 1
- development of papules over the trunk, spreading to limbs, buccal mucosa, scalp, axillae, URT, conjunctiva
78
Varicella - Vesicle stage (2)
- stage 2
- Papules formed in stage 1 turn into vesicles (fluid)
79
Varicella - ulcer stage (2)
- stage 3
- vesicles from stage 2 break open and scab over
80
Varicella - symptoms
- various stages of lesions
- mild to extreme pruitis (leading to scratching and complicated bacterial infections)
- mild fever
81
Varicella - transmission
- direct contact
- airborne droplet particles
82
Varicella - complications (7)
- secondary bacterial infections
- pneumonia
- encephalitis (brain inflammation)
- cerebellar ataxia (decreased muscle coordination)
- transverse myelitis (inflammation of spinal cord)
- Reye syndrome (serious multi-system condition)
- Death
83
Varicella - susceptible populations (5)
- infants
- adults
- pregnant women
- unborn babies if mother had not had chicken pox
- immunocompromised people
84
Herpes Zoster - common name
shingles
85
Shingles: virus
varicella-zoster
86
Shingles - pathogenesis
- result of reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection
- infection that has been dormant in sensory dorsal root ganglia since primary infection
87
Shingles - contagious? (2)
- YES. contagious.
- passes on Chickenpox NOT shingles to non-immune individual
88
At-risk population for shingles (4)
- people aged 50+ (due to impaired t-cell mediated immunity)
- Immunocompomized (HIV infected, chemo)
- certain malignancies
- chronic corticosteroid users
89
Progression of Shingles (2)
1) prodrome (burning, tingling, neuropathic pain, extreme sensitivity of the skin to touch, pruitis)
2) lesions appear as eruption of vesicles with erethamous base
90
Shingles complications
- Eye involvement (blindness,)
- postherepetic neuraligia (pain 1-3 months after rash)
91
Shingles prevention
- live attenuated vaccine for herpes zoster for people 50+
92
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - what (2)
- ulcers inside a child's mouth,
- AND a rash/blister on hands, feet, legs, buttocks
93
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - which virus
coxsackievirus A5
94
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - severity
painful, but isnt serious
95
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - common age
children under 5
96
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - transmission (4)
- droplets
- contact with infectious material
- fecal-oral transmission
97
Fungal skin infections - classifications (2)
deep or superficial
98
Superficial fungal infections - pathogenesis
- invade only superficial keratinized tissue of skin, hair, nails
- emit an enzyme that can digest keratin
99
Superficial fungal infections - examples
- tinea/ringworm
100
Superficial fungal infections - symptoms (3)
- superficial sk in scalding
- nail disintegration
- hair breakage
d/t breakdown of keratin
101
Deep fungal infections - pathogenesis
- invade epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
102
Diagnosis of superficial fungal infections (4)
- skin scrapings
- potassium hydroxide (KOH) disintegrates human tissue
- KOH leaves behind hyphae
- examine under microscope
103
Dermatophyte infections - what
- superficial fungal infection
- confined to keratin layer of epidermis
104
Dermatophyte infections - 3 genera
- microsporum
- epidermophyton
- tychophyton
105
Dermatophyte infections - types (7)
- tinea coporus = ringworm, body
- tinea faciale = face
- tiniea capitis = scalp
- tinea manus = hands
- tinea pedis = feet
- tinea unquium = nails
- tinea cruris = genitalia
106
Candida Albicans - what
fungal infection - yeast
107
Candida Albicans - pathogenesis
Candida Albicans refleases irritating toxins on skin surface
108
Candida Albicans - risk populations (5)
- antibiotic therapy
- pregnancy
- oral contraceptive use
- poor nutrition
- immunosuppressive diseases
109
Candida Albicans - location on body
- warm, moist areas of the body
110
Candida Albicans - rash characteristics (2)
red with well-defined border
111
Candida Albicans - symptoms (3)
- red rash
- mild to severe itching/burning
- satellite lesions (macopapular and found outside border of infection)
