Week 9 (10) Flashcards
What are gross motor skills?
movement related to large muscle groups such as in your arms, legs etc.
- typically the focuse of a physiotherapist
What are fine motor skills?
movements involving smaller muscle groups such as those in the hand and wrist
- typically the focus of an occupational therapist
Why are motor skills so important?
- developing strong motor skills and good motor control helps children explore the world around them
- development of motor skills can also help with cognitive & social development
_________ is one of the few categories that seems to continue to improve into adolescence more so in females. Thought to be due to…
balance; due to sport choices, recreational activities, and sociocultural factors
Describe throwing distance and velocity curves
- throwing distance performance curves are more obvious at younger ages and become greater over time
- throwing velocity curves improve dramatically through childhood, and gender differences appear early and are relatively large
________ is a coincident timing task that involved the complex interplay of coordinating visual information and motor behaviour to a single point of interception
catching
__________ has been shown to be a better indicator of coincident timing ability than age
experience
Horizontal jumping starts to develop until around 2. When does it stop
Horizontal jumping improves in both sexes until 14 years, then
female scores begin to level off while males continue to improve until at least 17 years
What is atypical motor development?
- child development occurs on a continuum
- most children fall somewhere in the middle
- a child may be described as developing atypically in one of two situations:
1. a child reaches his/her developmental milestones earlier than his/her peers
2. a child reaches his/her developmental milestones later than his/her peers
What are the typical causes of motor delay & atypical development?
- weakness
- hypotonia
- coordination
- proprioception
- motivation
- behaviour
What is hypotonia?
low tine in the muscles due to neurological input
What is weakness?
decreased muscular strength
Features of weakness & hypotonia may include….
- lack of joint stability
- decreased muscular strength
- decreased balance
- decreased core stability
- limited propulsion (i.e. difficulty pushing off with jumping)
What might weakness & hypotonia look like?
- Using the environment or their own body to get off the floor
- “Floppy”-feeling when you are picking them up / holding them
- Quick to fatigue, may self-select out of movement games
- Challenges with grasp, manipulation, and other fine motor skills
- Really flat feet, or other joints that are hypermobile
- Lots of challenges with jumping and climbing
- Lots of falls, challenges with catching themselves, prone to injury
Decreased coordination is associated with…
gross motor delay and atypical movement patterns
Coordination can result in what issues?
- Difficulty with motor planning
- Issues with timing or sequencing movements
- Decreased understanding of the task or activity
Issues with coordination may present themselves as…
- not keeping up with friends/peers during play
- falls, clumsiness
- goofiness
- avoidance
- immature patterns (e.g. step-to stairs at an older age)
- slow to get dressed or to do other tasks (despite consistent attention to task)
- poor hygiene
Proprioception is associated with gross motor delay and atypical
movement patterns because…
- Proprioception is our body’s awareness of its location in space. It has an effect
on balance in ALL positions. - Children with GM delay often have decreased body awareness
- Proprioceptive difficulties are also associated with hypotonia and hypermobility.
What do issues with proprioception look like?
- LOTS of similarity and overlap with coordination challenges
- Also will notice:
→ Challenges with spatial awareness (between themselves and others or
objects)
→ Balance challenges, falls, and trouble with catching themselves
How are motivation and behaviour associated with gross motor delay and atypical movement patterns?
- consider avoidance vs. ability
- innate motivation
- level of difficulty with regards to the task
- limited or no desire to progress
- “motivations change for ages and diagnoses - every kid is different and motivations will change”
Sport participation has ________ over the past decade largely due to…
increased; children getting involved and at an earlier age
Is increased participation in youth sports harmful?
- Contact sports- increased risk of concussion
→ Concussions themselves do not cause brain damage, but multiple in succession may cause PCS or CTE that can affect brain growth and development - Growth is not affected by typical sports is training is less than 18 hours per
week (2.5 hours per day)
What is the primary concern for increased participation in youth sports?
- young athletes who specialize in one sport may be denied the benefits of varied activity while they face additional physical and psychological demands from intense training and competition
What is body scaling?
adapting a task or object to ensure the task or skill can be performed
What is body scaling in grasping?
- grip movements are body scaled
- key is hand size relative to object size
What is symmetrical function?
using two hands to perform simultaneous movements
What is asymmetrical function?
using two hands to perform different movements that complement each other (coordinated)
- develops around year 1 and gets better with age
- basic mastery around 6 years old
Describe the development of pencil grasp
- palmer supinate grasp (15-18 months); power grip
- digital pronate grasp (2-3 years); use all fingers pointing down
- static tripod grasp (3-4 year); three fingers, movement comes from wrist, shoulder, forearm
- dynamic tripod grasp (5-6 yeas); fingers move to hold pencil, arm & wrist stay still
What 7 subsystems are involved in writing out sentences?
- muscle strength
- tactile discrimination
- visual motor
- kinesthesia
- coordination
- auditory/visual processing
- attention, cognition, motivation
Describe late childhood skill development
- basics built in early childhood
- fundamental movement skills get further refined in later childhood
- transition into advanced movement and sport-specific skills
- competence → + percieved motor competence → + long-term PA
How can we support motor skill development through physical activity?
- developmentally appropriate challenges
- support skill progression
- variety of challenged to meet variety of levels of interest
- avoid early specialization
- develop habits
- keep people interested in PA
What are the three components of the self-determination theory and basic psychological needs? Explain them
autonomy: feeling choice, independence, and control over one’s participation
competence: feeling effective and skilled in an activity
relatedness: feeling connected with other and a sense of belongingness in activity
What is the deficit reduction approach?
youth are problems to be fixed
PYD is what type approach? Explain it
strength-based approach
- all youth have the capacity to thrive
- youth have “assets to be built”
- youth are “agents of their own development”
What are Lerner’s five C’s model?
- central elements of a thriving young person
- competence, caring, character, confidence, connection
What is the criteria for PYD programs?
- goal of the program or activity is to promote positive development
- atmosphere that:
→ supports positive relationships with adults and peers
→ empowers youth
→ communicated expectations for positive behaviour
→ provides opportunities for recognition - program activities that allow youth to:
→ build skills
→ engage in real and challenging activities
→ broaden their horizons
Youth practicing the 5 C’s and in a proper environment over time will experience positive outcomes in what areas?
- well-being
- life skills
- thriving
- contribution
- community building
PYD in sport and physical activity can develop life skills. What does this mean?
positive assets, characteristics, and skills that youth can develop and apply within and beyond physical activity programs
What is the “good” of sport?
sport can offer positive experiences
→ skill-building
→ self-leadership
→ perseverance
→ adult mentors
→ peer interaction
What is the “bad” of sport?
sport can lead to negative experiences
→ injury
→ bullying
→ harassment
→ burnout
→ substance use and abuse
→ abusive coaches
→ helicopter patents
→ inequity
→ exclusion
Regarding intentionality, what do traditional sport programs prioritize?
- skill and performance-related goals
- winning (sometimes at all costs)
Intentional PYD sport programs prioritize…
- creative supportive relationships
- teach life skills
- establishing safe environment
What is the key of intentionality?
intentionally teaching life skills does not have to negatively impact performance and winning - can facilitate it even
What could be a life skill program focus?
- leadership opportunities
- mentorship opportunities
- team-building opportunities
- communication skills
- life skills discussion
- team huddles
- teachable moments
