Week 11 (12) Flashcards by Avaline Duguay

What is attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder?

disorder that affects attention span, concentration, and how impulsive and active the person is

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What is the prevalence of ADHD?

1-13% Canadian children and youth. Boys 3-4x more likely to be diagnosed than girls

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What are the causes and risk factors of ADHD?

genetics
brain injury
teratogens
premature birth
low birth weight

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What are the characteristics of ADHD?

affects executive functioning: ability to organize and act on information, difficulty focusing
challenges with fine and gross motor skills; slower and more variable reaction times

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What are the intervention strategies of ADHD?

mixed exercise programs
- focus on coordination, planning and movement control
- can promote: fine motor precision, symptoms reduction, executive functioning
Examples: sensorimotor training, coordinative games, martial arts or swimming

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What is autism spectrum disorder?

neurodevelopmental condition that can affect communicating with other, sensory processing and attentional focus

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What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?

2% of Canadian children and youth. Boys 4x more likely to be diagnosed than girls

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What are the causes and risk factors of ASD?

lesser known
genetics
premature birth

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What are the characteristics of ASD?

low motor ability compared to neurological peers
difficulty with fine motor skills and gross motor skills
development:
motor skills are connected to communication development
motor skill delays may worsen or become more apparent over time

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What are the intervention strategies for ASD?

encourage early diagnosis (use standardized assessments)
proactive motor skill monitoring
early, targeted interventions
combine motor and communication goals

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What is cerebral palsy?

a group of chronic disorder affecting body movements and muscle coordination

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What is the prevalence of cerebral palsy?

Most common physical disability in childhood. Diagnosed in 2-2.5 children per year

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What are the causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy?

premature birth
lack of blood and oxygen
brain injury
brain infection

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What are the motor types of cerebral palsy?

spastic: most common; muscles appear stiff and tight; arises from otor cortex damage
dyskinetic: characterized by involuntary movements; arises from basal ganglia damage
ataxic: characterized by shaky movements; affects balance and sense of positioning in space; arises from cerebellum damage
mixed types: combination damage

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What are the motor challenges of cerebral palsy?

affects one or many limbs
controlling balance
gross motor functions
motor planning
bimanual tasks
motor sequencing

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What are the intervention strategies for cerebral palsy?

identify and intervene early
features: child-initiated movement, task-specific training, environmental enrichment and parental coaching

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What is developmental coordination disorder?

dyspraxia
condition of poor coordination and clumsiness
not any known disorder, disease, disability

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What is the prevalence of DCD?

5-6% of children. Higher in males than females

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What are the causes and risk factors of DCD?

pre-term birth
common co-occurrence with ADHD, ASD, other learning disabilities

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What are the intervention strategies for DCD?

early intervention is promising
involving parents and teachers
task-oriented intervention are most effective
→ direct, repetitive practice of meaningful tasks
→ occupational and physical therapy should focus on tasks across fine and gross motor skills

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What is the prevalence of down syndrome?

1 in 750 births

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What are the causes and risk factors of down syndrome?

extra chromosome
advanced maternal age

What are the motor characteristics of down syndrome?

gross motor skills
delayed walking onset
postural control
fine motor skills
more time to learn movements

What are the intervention strategies of down syndrome?

frequent practice over long sessions, early and throughout development
dual tasks (target both motor and executive function)
adaptive sports and activities

What are the reasons we may engage in PA?

relatedness, fun, autonomy, competenceI

In the context of engaging in sport, what is competence?

have or want to build the skills to do the activity - perceived motor competence

In the context of engaging in sport, what is autonomy?

Feel they are doing the activity out of their own choice and/or to build independence

In the context of engaging in sport, what is relatedness?

feel or want to build a sense of connection with others

What is socialization?

the process through which a person learns and internalizes the norms, values, and behaviours of their society

What is culture?

set or predominating attitudes, behaviours, and products that characterize a group or organization

What is social class?

grouping people into hierarchcial social categories

What are the three types of learning involved in the socialization process? Describe them

Direct instruction: learning from information shared through language Shaping: learning through receiving reinforcement and support through practice Modeling: learning through observing others

Who or what plays a role on our social role?

socializing agents, social situations, personal attributes

What am I?: the direct settings the person participates in (family, school, sports club)

microsystem

What am I: interrelationships of the person's immediate settings (family ↔ school, sport ↔ school)

mesosystem

What am I: social settings beyond the person's direct context (but not an active participant in) (parents' work environment; conditions and access to parks, gyms etc.)

exosystem

What am I: overarching culture and patterns in a culture (cultural values, stereotypes, gender roles, policies, mass media)

macrosystem

What am I: patterning of environmental events and transitions over the lifespan

chronosystem

When is parents being socializing agents most important?

early childhood

How can parents act as socializing agents?

- taking kids to activities - doing activities with kids - PA-related presents - showing interest in their PA - modeling and doing PA themselves

What is solitary play?

child plays alone (infancy)

What is parallel play?

child plays alone but with similar toys as others

What is associative play?

child plays with other but not in any organized way

What is cooperative play?

child plays with others in cooperative ways (late childhood)

How can peers be socializing agents?

- peer groups are particularly important after childhood - group activities like team sports and non-sport clubs - peer group preferences for passive activities can lead once-active children into sedentary adolescence

How can coaches and teachers be socializing agents?

teaching and coaching behaviours can create opportunities, influence self-perception, and whether we stay in sport and physical activity

What type of constraint can sex be?

individual contraint

What type of constraint can gender be?

sociocultural constraint

What is gender typing?

when attitudes about gender-appropriate activities influence how socializing agents promote or restrict activities for children

How can play and environment impact participation in PA?

- traditional boys games highlight strategy - traditional girls games highlight cooperation, repetition - secular trends: more gender-neutrality in games over time

How do the toys marketed toward genders impact participation in PA?

- boys toys tend to develop spatial skills, involve complexity, vigorous activity - girls toys tend to promote quiet, indoor play - trends in marketing aren't changing that much - boys toys seen as more gender-neutral

What is a stereotype threat and how can it impact participation in PA?

when someone is aware of a stereotype about their social group and in a situation where they could be judges as a result of that stereotype, they may experience stress of anxiety - can result in underperformance, even when capable of doing the task

How can socioeconomic status impact participation in PA?

- relationship between SES and PA can vary depending on domain - low SES: lower leisure time PA, but potentially higher PA in occupational and transport PA - high SES: higher leisure time PA

What is the relationship between media and gender?

- historically, advertisements primarily marketed male athletes than females - female athletes receive less coverage than male counterparts despite increasing participation rates - women- when covered, focused more often on non-athletic aspect - trends are changing