Week 11 (12) Flashcards
What is attention deficit Hyperactivity disorder?
disorder that affects attention span, concentration, and how impulsive and active the person is
What is the prevalence of ADHD?
1-13% Canadian children and youth. Boys 3-4x more likely to be diagnosed than girls
What are the causes and risk factors of ADHD?
- genetics
- brain injury
- teratogens
- premature birth
- low birth weight
What are the characteristics of ADHD?
- affects executive functioning: ability to organize and act on information, difficulty focusing
- challenges with fine and gross motor skills; slower and more variable reaction times
What are the intervention strategies of ADHD?
mixed exercise programs
- focus on coordination, planning and movement control
- can promote: fine motor precision, symptoms reduction, executive functioning
Examples: sensorimotor training, coordinative games, martial arts or swimming
What is autism spectrum disorder?
neurodevelopmental condition that can affect communicating with other, sensory processing and attentional focus
What is the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder?
2% of Canadian children and youth. Boys 4x more likely to be diagnosed than girls
What are the causes and risk factors of ASD?
- lesser known
- genetics
- premature birth
What are the characteristics of ASD?
- low motor ability compared to neurological peers
- difficulty with fine motor skills and gross motor skills
development: - motor skills are connected to communication development
- motor skill delays may worsen or become more apparent over time
What are the intervention strategies for ASD?
- encourage early diagnosis (use standardized assessments)
- proactive motor skill monitoring
- early, targeted interventions
- combine motor and communication goals
What is cerebral palsy?
a group of chronic disorder affecting body movements and muscle coordination
What is the prevalence of cerebral palsy?
Most common physical disability in childhood. Diagnosed in 2-2.5 children per year
What are the causes and risk factors of cerebral palsy?
- premature birth
- lack of blood and oxygen
- brain injury
- brain infection
What are the motor types of cerebral palsy?
spastic: most common; muscles appear stiff and tight; arises from otor cortex damage
dyskinetic: characterized by involuntary movements; arises from basal ganglia damage
ataxic: characterized by shaky movements; affects balance and sense of positioning in space; arises from cerebellum damage
mixed types: combination damage
What are the motor challenges of cerebral palsy?
- affects one or many limbs
- controlling balance
- gross motor functions
- motor planning
- bimanual tasks
- motor sequencing
What are the intervention strategies for cerebral palsy?
- identify and intervene early
- features: child-initiated movement, task-specific training, environmental enrichment and parental coaching
What is developmental coordination disorder?
dyspraxia
condition of poor coordination and clumsiness
not any known disorder, disease, disability
What is the prevalence of DCD?
5-6% of children. Higher in males than females
What are the causes and risk factors of DCD?
- pre-term birth
- common co-occurrence with ADHD, ASD, other learning disabilities
What are the intervention strategies for DCD?
- early intervention is promising
- involving parents and teachers
- task-oriented intervention are most effective
→ direct, repetitive practice of meaningful tasks
→ occupational and physical therapy should focus on tasks across fine and gross motor skills
What is the prevalence of down syndrome?
1 in 750 births
What are the causes and risk factors of down syndrome?
- extra chromosome
- advanced maternal age
What are the motor characteristics of down syndrome?
- gross motor skills
- delayed walking onset
- postural control
- fine motor skills
- more time to learn movements
What are the intervention strategies of down syndrome?
- frequent practice over long sessions, early and throughout development
- dual tasks (target both motor and executive function)
- adaptive sports and activities
What are the reasons we may engage in PA?
relatedness, fun, autonomy, competenceI
In the context of engaging in sport, what is competence?
have or want to build the skills to do the activity
- perceived motor competence
In the context of engaging in sport, what is autonomy?
Feel they are doing the activity out of their own choice and/or to build independence
In the context of engaging in sport, what is relatedness?
feel or want to build a sense of connection with others
What is socialization?
the process through which a person learns and internalizes the norms, values, and behaviours of their society
What is culture?
set or predominating attitudes, behaviours, and products that characterize a group or organization
What is social class?
grouping people into hierarchcial social categories
What are the three types of learning involved in the socialization process? Describe them
Direct instruction: learning from information shared through language
Shaping: learning through receiving reinforcement and support through practice
Modeling: learning through observing others
Who or what plays a role on our social role?
socializing agents, social situations, personal attributes
What am I?: the direct settings the person participates in (family, school, sports club)
microsystem
What am I: interrelationships of the person’s immediate settings (family ↔ school, sport ↔ school)
mesosystem
What am I: social settings beyond the person’s direct context (but not an active participant in) (parents’ work environment; conditions and access to parks, gyms etc.)
exosystem
What am I: overarching culture and patterns in a culture (cultural values, stereotypes, gender roles, policies, mass media)
macrosystem
What am I: patterning of environmental events and transitions over the lifespan
chronosystem
When is parents being socializing agents most important?
early childhood
How can parents act as socializing agents?
- taking kids to activities
- doing activities with kids
- PA-related presents
- showing interest in their PA
- modeling and doing PA themselves
What is solitary play?
child plays alone (infancy)
What is parallel play?
child plays alone but with similar toys as others
What is associative play?
child plays with other but not in any organized way
What is cooperative play?
child plays with others in cooperative ways (late childhood)
How can peers be socializing agents?
- peer groups are particularly important after childhood
- group activities like team sports and non-sport clubs
- peer group preferences for passive activities can lead once-active children into sedentary adolescence
How can coaches and teachers be socializing agents?
teaching and coaching behaviours can create opportunities, influence self-perception, and whether we stay in sport and physical activity
What type of constraint can sex be?
individual contraint
What type of constraint can gender be?
sociocultural constraint
What is gender typing?
when attitudes about gender-appropriate activities influence how socializing agents promote or restrict activities for children
How can play and environment impact participation in PA?
- traditional boys games highlight strategy
- traditional girls games highlight cooperation, repetition
- secular trends: more gender-neutrality in games over time
How do the toys marketed toward genders impact participation in PA?
- boys toys tend to develop spatial skills, involve complexity, vigorous activity
- girls toys tend to promote quiet, indoor play
- trends in marketing aren’t changing that much
- boys toys seen as more gender-neutral
What is a stereotype threat and how can it impact participation in PA?
when someone is aware of a stereotype about their social group and in a situation where they could be judges as a result of that stereotype, they may experience stress of anxiety
- can result in underperformance, even when capable of doing the task
How can socioeconomic status impact participation in PA?
- relationship between SES and PA can vary depending on domain
- low SES: lower leisure time PA, but potentially higher PA in occupational and transport PA
- high SES: higher leisure time PA
What is the relationship between media and gender?
- historically, advertisements primarily marketed male athletes than females
- female athletes receive less coverage than male counterparts despite increasing participation rates
- women- when covered, focused more often on non-athletic aspect
- trends are changing
