Week 7 (8) Flashcards

1
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • involuntary stereotyped movement responses to a particular stimulus
  • reflexes begin prenatally due to maturity of CNS (brainstem and midbrain)
  • ~27 reflexes at birth
  • some stay throughout life
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2
Q

What are are the 5 things to know about the purpose of reflexes?

A
  • built-in responses to c=facilitate survival
  • allow “dialogue” with environment
  • reflexive movements result in sensory consequences (adaptation)
  • provide building blocks for future movement
  • sometimes no clear relevance at birth
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3
Q

What are the 3 main types of reflexes?

A

primitive, postural, and locomotor

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4
Q

What are primitive reflexes? What are the ones to know?

A
  • survival and protection
  • sucking, rooting, moro, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, palmar grasp reflex
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5
Q

What are primitive reflexes? What are the ones to know?

A
  • react to gravitational changes in equilibrium
  • labyrinthine righting reflex, pull-up reflex, parachute reflex
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6
Q

What are locomotor reflexes? What are the ones to know?

A
  • for travel and navigating envrionment
  • crawling reflex, stepping reflex, swimming reflex
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7
Q

What is the sucking reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: meet feeding needs
  • stimulated by lip touch
  • develop coordination in sucking, breathing, and swallowing
  • timetable: 4th prenatal month to b-9th postnatal month
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8
Q

What is the rooting reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: seeking food and prep for feeding
  • stimulated by cheek touch
  • timetable: birth to 9th month
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9
Q

What is the moro reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: self-protection from body imbalance or sudden stimulation
  • stimulus: starts in supine postion, and startle (e.g. tap a pillow) or stimulate falling
  • response: arms and legs extend outward, and then flex
  • timetable: 7th prenatal month to 3rd postnatal month
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10
Q

What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: for developing hand-eye coordination
  • stimulus: start infant in supine position → turn head to one side
  • response: same side arm and leg extend; flex on opposite side
  • timetable: 7th prenatal month to 5th month postnatal
  • no clear relevance at birth
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11
Q

What is the symmetrical tonic neck reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: allow independent movement of upper and lower body parts, preparing for coordinated movement
  • stimulus: place in crawling position and flex head; response: arms flex and arms extend
  • stimulus: place in crawling position and extend head; response: arms extend and legs bend
  • timetable: 7th prenatal month, prominent at 5-6th postnatal months, integrated by 10th-11th month
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12
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: to practice clenching hands, prepping for later grasp movements
  • stimulus: touch palm with finger or object
  • response: hand closes tightly around finger or object
  • grip is strong enough to hold most of baby’s weight
  • timeline: birth to 4-6 months
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13
Q

What is the labyrinthine righting reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: corrects orientation of body when it’s taken out of position
  • stimulus: while infant is supported upright, tilt infant
  • response: head moves to stay upright
  • timeline: 2 months postnatal to 1 year
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14
Q

What is the parachute reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: protect and support when off balance
  • stimulus: infant is held upright, and lower them toward the ground quickly
  • response: legs and arms extend
  • timeline: 5-6th postnatal months to 1 year
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15
Q

What is the crawling reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: prep for voluntary crawling later in development
  • stimulus: in prone position, apply pressure to toes
  • response: infant will push off opposing legs and arms
  • timeline: birth to 4 months
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16
Q

What is the locomotor reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: prep for voluntary walking later in development
  • stimulus: holding infant upright, put pressure on bottom of feet
  • response: knee lifts as if initiation walking movement
  • timeline: birth to 2-3 months
17
Q

What is the swimming reflex? What is the purpose and timetable?

A
  • purpose: prep for voluntary swimming later in life
  • stimulus: hold infant above water with head up
  • response: infant will move arms and legs rhythmically
  • timeline: birth to 6 months
18
Q

What is the 1st view in linking reflexes to voluntary movement?

A

stimulation transforms reflexes to voluntary actions
- reflexes become voluntary actions through training
- compared infants who practiced walking through stepping reflex with those that didn’t → walking emerged earlier in those who practiced stepping reflex

19
Q

What is the 2nd view in linking reflexes to voluntary movement?

A

voluntary movement emerges from reflexes after development of multiple subsystems
- reflex disappears and reappears as voluntary movement when subsystems are developed
- changing constraint can result in disappearing of stepping reflex
- with young infants who were still reflex-stepping: added small weights to their ankles → decreased stepping reflex
- with older infants who no longer reflex stepped: submerged them in water → water’s buoying effects simulated increase in strength → infants stepped with greater frequency

20
Q

What are rate controllers?

A
  • a constraint that prevents the development of a movement pattern
  • e.g. rate controllers involved in walking may include balance systems, leg strength, force production
21
Q

Do spontaneous movements (stereotypies) result from external stimuli?

22
Q

What are spontaneous movements?

A
  • transitional behaviours: some level of control but not intentional or goal-directed
  • early stereotypies: leg kicking, arm waving, arm banging, finger flexion
  • later stereotypies: arching the back, rocking, bouncing while standing
  • posture will influence movement frequency
23
Q

The beginnings of voluntary movement is known as?

A

rudimentary behaviour

24
Q

What is rudimentary behaviour?

A
  • highly influenced by environment (stimulation and affordances)
  • cephalocaudal-proximodistal direction of development
  • 4 E’s: embodied, embedded, enculturated, enabling
25
What are the 4 E's in rudimentary behaviour?
embodied: current state of the body will influence what actions one can do embedded: the environment will offer constraint action possibilities enculturated: social and cultural influence shape actions enabling: new motor skills create opportunities to learn and explore
26
What is postural control?
ability to detect changes in body's center of gravity in relation to the base of support - head control, rolling, sitting, standing
27
Describe rudimentary locomotion
- at 3 months, scoot while sitting - at 6 months, crawling, creeping, edging sideways, crab walking - at 8 months, can stand, cruise while holding on to objects, move sideways - at 13 months, walking
28
What are prehension and manipulation in manual control?
prehension: using hands to reach, grasp, release (first 2 years) manipulation: using hands to skillfully with object(s) (after 2 years)
29
What is non-goal directed behaviour in motor control?
- emerge prenatally/birth - appear as reflexes and spontaneous movements
30
What is goal-directed behaviour in motor control?
- emerge after improved postural control and stability - initial movements are shaky but become smoother over time → make corrections as they perform movements more and as level of control changes
31
What is the development sequence for any small object
- releasing grasp is difficult, can take 18 months
32
What is the development sequence for grasping large object?
1. reach with one hand only 2. reach with one hand and then the other 3. bimanual, reach with both hands at once
33
What is the development sequence for grasping force application?
1. at first, force and object weight are unrelated 2. can adjust force after initially grasping an object 3. then, can adjust force after judging objects
34
What is motor asymmetry?
- the paired limbs (hands, feet) and sensory organs (eyes, ears) used asymmetrically (right hemisphere motor and sensory activity paired with left half of the body - left hemisphere has a complementary role in conscious movement on the right side of the body - lateral preference and lateral (hemispheric) dominance
35
Why are majority of people right handed?
right-shift theory - right-shift gene is dominant - environment may influence limb preference in those with weaker right shift gene - left hemisphere matures faster than right hemisphere, biasing more right-handed preference - environment and culture can modify limb preference