Week 8 (9) Flashcards
What is motor competence?
actual ability to perform various motor skills
What is perceived motor competence?
awareness of belief in ability to perform various motor skills
What are the three movement foundations? Describe them
locomotor: walking, running, skipping, climbing
ballistic skills: throwing, catching, striking, kicking
fine motor skills: grasping, drawing, weiting
What is a motor skill?
common motor activities like running, jumping, throwing, catching
What are movement patterns?
basic functional structure of a fundamental motor skill
→ describe its development from initial (immature) to mature (proficient)
→ maturity is related to skill level rather than age
What is the composite approach to measuring change?
- movement pattern changes through a series of stage
- more practical, used by coaches or instructors
What is the component approach to measuring change?
- focus on each body component’s developmental process
- more accurate, used for scientific study
Describe early locomotion
- crawling (commando crawl): moving on hands and abdomen
- creeping: moving on hands and knees (abs raised from floor)
- crab walking (side to side)
What movement is this?
wide base of support, flat footed, toeing outwards, stiff with limited rotation, high guard position, lots of steps, short strides, mark time
Immature walking
Describe immature walking
wide base of support, flat footed, toeing outwards, stiff with limited rotation, high guard position, lots of steps, short strides, mark time
What movement is this?
shoulder width base of support, toes more straight, flexible with full leg motion, arm swinging, fast speed,
proficient walking
Describe the transition from walking to running
- occurs 6 to 7 months after walking starts
- running is defined by the following:
→ 50% phasing between the legs
→ flight phase followed by single support - timeline: ~2-5 years old
What is this activity?
wide base of support, flat footed or tiptoe, toeing outward, limited pelvic rotation, limited knee flexion, short flight phase
immature running
What is this activity?
feet shoulder width apart, heel toe, toes more straight, full leg motion, increased knee flexion, increase in flight phase
proficient running
What are the differences in running vs. sprinting?
running
- less knee flexion
- less arm motion
- more vertical movement
- shorter stride, low frequency of steps
sprinting
- higher knee lift
- higher rear kickup of the recovery leg
- sprinter’s arms move more vigorously
- long stride, high step frequency
What is a jump?
person propels self off ground with one or two feet; lands on two
What is a hop?
person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot
What is a leap?
person propels self off ground with one foot, extends flight period, and lands on opposite foot
What is the timeline of jumping, hoping, and leaping?
~ 2 to 5-6 years old
What activity is this?
minimal preparatory crouch, arms fixed at middle or high guard, low extension of hips knees and ankles, forward flexion of head
immature running
What activity is this?
flex knees hips and ankles to prep, upward lift of arms, forceful extending of hips knees and ankles, dorsiflexion of head
proficiency walking
What activity is this?
minimal crouch, rigid at sides or winging position, trunk propelled vertically, incomplete extension of hips, legs, ankles, one leg precedes other
immature standing long jump
What activity is this?
Deep crouch, more efficient coordination, both feet leave ground together, trunk propelled horizontally, thigh flexion, land on both feet
proficient standing long jump
What activity is this?
forward body lean, weak push off, high-guard position and to side, limited knee flexion, little distance, flat footed landing
immature hopping
What is this activity?
Upright posture, strong push off, arms bend and swing forward, full knee extension, land on ball of foot first
proficient hopping
What is galloping?
forward step on one foot, leap on other
What is a slide
sideways step on one foot, leap on other
What is a skip?
- symmetric
- alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other
What is the development of galloping, sliding, and skipping
galloping first (~2-3 years old), then sliding, then skipping (4-7)
Describe early galloping, sliding and skipping
- arrhythmic and stiff movements
- little or no arm movement
- little or no trunk rotation
- exaggeration of vertical lift
- short stride or step length
Describe proficient galloping, sliding and skipping
- don’t need arm for balance
- in skipping, the arms swing opposite legs for momentum
- in galloping/slide, can use the arms for other purposes, such as clapping
What is climbing? What is the timeline?
- ascending and descending using hands or feet
- variations of movement patterns based on climbing apparatus
- timeline: 2 year to 6 years old
- learn ascending before descending
Immature climbing uses what type of pattern?
marking time pattern
Proficient climbing uses what type of patter?
cross-lateral pattern
What is throwing?
- performer applies force to an object to project it
- at 6 months - crude throw
- many people don’t reach maturity
- forms: underhand, side-arm, overhand
What activity is this?
mostly in frontal plane, arms stay forward, elbow flex and extend, little to no weight shift, minimal trunk rotation, relies on elbow extension primarily
immature throwing
What activity is this?
movement in horizontal plane, arms move up and behind shoulder, flexed, weight shift transferred to foot opposite throwing arm, great trunk rotation, relies on arm swing and trunk rotation
proficient throwing
What is catching?
tracking an incoming object, stopping its momentum, and gaining control of it with the hands
What is early catching like with a rolling ball?
- child initially stops rolling ball
- stops with legs
- then with hands
- chase, stop, control a moving or bouncing ball
What is early catching like with an aerial ball?
- rigid arms and hands
- minimal repositioning of body
- sometimes turn head away or close eyes
- not flexing knees, minimal shock absorption
Catching is greatly affected by which type of constraints
task and environmental
Describe the developmental changes in catching
arm action
little response → hugging → scooping → arms “give”
hand action
palms up → palms in → palms adjusted
body action
no adjustment → awkward adjustment → proper adjustment
Describe proficient catching
- repositions and aligns body with incoming object
- elbows flexed
- hands “give” with the ball to gradually absorb force
- fingers are pointed up for high balls, and down for low balls
What is striking? What is the timeline?
- part of body or implements that give force to an object
- various body parts or implements can be used
- timeline: ~3 years old to 5 years old. Intercepting moving objects can take up to 10-12 years
What activity is this?
feet planted flat, limited weight shift, limited collapsed elbow, no follow through, limited body rotation, inconsistent swing path
immature striking
What activity is this?
feet shoulder width apart, forward weight shift, arm extends before contact and follow through, full body rotation, feet aligned for power, smooth and controlled swing path
proficient striking
What is kicking? What is the timeline?
- kicker strikes ball with foot
- kicker must have perceptual abilities and eye-foot coordination to make contact (kicking a moving ball is difficult for children)
- timeline: ~2-6 years old
What activity is this?
limited knee flexion, little wind up, rigid swing, no-follow through, limited arm movement, primarily kicks with toe or flat foot, limited body rotation, poor timing
immature kicking
What activity is this?
full hip and knee flexion with wind up, smooth and controlled extension, forward swing of opposite arm in reaction, inside of foot, torso and hip rotation
proficient kicking
What is dribbling and ball bouncing? Describe the timeline
- propelling ball in a downward direction repeatedly
- timeline: ~2-6 years old
- harder while moving than when stationary
- special form of pushing to maintain forward speed
What activity is this?
slapping with fingers close together, quickly retracts after contact, inconsistent placement on ball, arm stays up, minimal elbow extension
immature dribbling
What activity is this?
pushing with fingers spread apart and point toward ball, consistently place hand on center of ball’s mass, elbows extend to push ball down, then flex on contact with ball on the way up
proficient dribbling
