Week 8 (9) Flashcards by Avaline Duguay

What is motor competence?

actual ability to perform various motor skills

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What is perceived motor competence?

awareness of belief in ability to perform various motor skills

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What are the three movement foundations? Describe them

locomotor: walking, running, skipping, climbing
ballistic skills: throwing, catching, striking, kicking
fine motor skills: grasping, drawing, weiting

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What is a motor skill?

common motor activities like running, jumping, throwing, catching

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What are movement patterns?

basic functional structure of a fundamental motor skill
→ describe its development from initial (immature) to mature (proficient)
→ maturity is related to skill level rather than age

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What is the composite approach to measuring change?

movement pattern changes through a series of stage
more practical, used by coaches or instructors

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What is the component approach to measuring change?

focus on each body component’s developmental process
more accurate, used for scientific study

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Describe early locomotion

crawling (commando crawl): moving on hands and abdomen
creeping: moving on hands and knees (abs raised from floor)
crab walking (side to side)

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What movement is this?
wide base of support, flat footed, toeing outwards, stiff with limited rotation, high guard position, lots of steps, short strides, mark time

Immature walking

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Describe immature walking

wide base of support, flat footed, toeing outwards, stiff with limited rotation, high guard position, lots of steps, short strides, mark time

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What movement is this?
shoulder width base of support, toes more straight, flexible with full leg motion, arm swinging, fast speed,

proficient walking

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Describe the transition from walking to running

occurs 6 to 7 months after walking starts
running is defined by the following:
→ 50% phasing between the legs
→ flight phase followed by single support
timeline: ~2-5 years old

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What is this activity?
wide base of support, flat footed or tiptoe, toeing outward, limited pelvic rotation, limited knee flexion, short flight phase

immature running

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What is this activity?
feet shoulder width apart, heel toe, toes more straight, full leg motion, increased knee flexion, increase in flight phase

proficient running

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What are the differences in running vs. sprinting?

running
- less knee flexion
- less arm motion
- more vertical movement
- shorter stride, low frequency of steps
sprinting
- higher knee lift
- higher rear kickup of the recovery leg
- sprinter’s arms move more vigorously
- long stride, high step frequency

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What is a jump?

person propels self off ground with one or two feet; lands on two

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What is a hop?

person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot

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What is a leap?

person propels self off ground with one foot, extends flight period, and lands on opposite foot

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What is the timeline of jumping, hoping, and leaping?

~ 2 to 5-6 years old

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What activity is this?
minimal preparatory crouch, arms fixed at middle or high guard, low extension of hips knees and ankles, forward flexion of head

immature running

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What activity is this?
flex knees hips and ankles to prep, upward lift of arms, forceful extending of hips knees and ankles, dorsiflexion of head

proficiency walking

What activity is this?
minimal crouch, rigid at sides or winging position, trunk propelled vertically, incomplete extension of hips, legs, ankles, one leg precedes other

immature standing long jump

What activity is this?
Deep crouch, more efficient coordination, both feet leave ground together, trunk propelled horizontally, thigh flexion, land on both feet

proficient standing long jump

What activity is this?
forward body lean, weak push off, high-guard position and to side, limited knee flexion, little distance, flat footed landing

immature hopping

What is this activity? Upright posture, strong push off, arms bend and swing forward, full knee extension, land on ball of foot first

proficient hopping

What is galloping?

forward step on one foot, leap on other

What is a slide

sideways step on one foot, leap on other

What is a skip?

- symmetric - alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other

What is the development of galloping, sliding, and skipping

galloping first (~2-3 years old), then sliding, then skipping (4-7)

Describe early galloping, sliding and skipping

- arrhythmic and stiff movements - little or no arm movement - little or no trunk rotation - exaggeration of vertical lift - short stride or step length

Describe proficient galloping, sliding and skipping

- don't need arm for balance - in skipping, the arms swing opposite legs for momentum - in galloping/slide, can use the arms for other purposes, such as clapping

What is climbing? What is the timeline?

- ascending and descending using hands or feet - variations of movement patterns based on climbing apparatus - timeline: 2 year to 6 years old - learn ascending before descending

Immature climbing uses what type of pattern?

marking time pattern

Proficient climbing uses what type of patter?

cross-lateral pattern

What is throwing?

- performer applies force to an object to project it - at 6 months - crude throw - many people don't reach maturity - forms: underhand, side-arm, overhand

What activity is this? mostly in frontal plane, arms stay forward, elbow flex and extend, little to no weight shift, minimal trunk rotation, relies on elbow extension primarily

immature throwing

What activity is this? movement in horizontal plane, arms move up and behind shoulder, flexed, weight shift transferred to foot opposite throwing arm, great trunk rotation, relies on arm swing and trunk rotation

proficient throwing

What is catching?

tracking an incoming object, stopping its momentum, and gaining control of it with the hands

What is early catching like with a rolling ball?

- child initially stops rolling ball - stops with legs - then with hands - chase, stop, control a moving or bouncing ball

What is early catching like with an aerial ball?

- rigid arms and hands - minimal repositioning of body - sometimes turn head away or close eyes - not flexing knees, minimal shock absorption

Catching is greatly affected by which type of constraints

task and environmental

Describe the developmental changes in catching

arm action little response → hugging → scooping → arms "give" hand action palms up → palms in → palms adjusted body action no adjustment → awkward adjustment → proper adjustment

Describe proficient catching

- repositions and aligns body with incoming object - elbows flexed - hands "give" with the ball to gradually absorb force - fingers are pointed up for high balls, and down for low balls

What is striking? What is the timeline?

- part of body or implements that give force to an object - various body parts or implements can be used - timeline: ~3 years old to 5 years old. Intercepting moving objects can take up to 10-12 years

What activity is this? feet planted flat, limited weight shift, limited collapsed elbow, no follow through, limited body rotation, inconsistent swing path

immature striking

What activity is this? feet shoulder width apart, forward weight shift, arm extends before contact and follow through, full body rotation, feet aligned for power, smooth and controlled swing path

proficient striking

What is kicking? What is the timeline?

- kicker strikes ball with foot - kicker must have perceptual abilities and eye-foot coordination to make contact (kicking a moving ball is difficult for children) - timeline: ~2-6 years old

What activity is this? limited knee flexion, little wind up, rigid swing, no-follow through, limited arm movement, primarily kicks with toe or flat foot, limited body rotation, poor timing

immature kicking

What activity is this? full hip and knee flexion with wind up, smooth and controlled extension, forward swing of opposite arm in reaction, inside of foot, torso and hip rotation

proficient kicking

What is dribbling and ball bouncing? Describe the timeline

- propelling ball in a downward direction repeatedly - timeline: ~2-6 years old - harder while moving than when stationary - special form of pushing to maintain forward speed

What activity is this? slapping with fingers close together, quickly retracts after contact, inconsistent placement on ball, arm stays up, minimal elbow extension

immature dribbling

What activity is this? pushing with fingers spread apart and point toward ball, consistently place hand on center of ball's mass, elbows extend to push ball down, then flex on contact with ball on the way up

proficient dribbling