Week 8a - Performing Gender (Non-essay) Flashcards
1
Q
Who questioned gender research?
What did they say and when?
A
Bing and Bergvall 1998
- Are the questions themselves suggesting the differences between men and women?
- Why are most questions about the male-female difference and other variation is ignored?
2
Q
What is wave one of language and gender research?
Who is involved, when?
A
Lakoff 1973/1975
- Gender-related differences and dominance patterns closely associated with biology
3
Q
What is wave two of language and gender research?
Who is involved, when?
A
Cameron 1980s/1990s
- More dynamic
- Focus on contextual analysis of gendered discourse
- Participant designed categories investigated
4
Q
What is wave three of language and gender research?
Who is involved, when?
A
Goffman 1959, Butler 1990
- Marked by performance ‘turn’
- Focus on construction and display of varied gendered identities
- Gender is performative ( Cameron 1997)
- Gender is stylisation of the body, set of acts (Butler 1990)
5
Q
Who spoke about gender culture?
When, key points?
A
Cameron 1997
- Gender has to be re-affirmed and displayed in accordance with social norms
- Sociolinguistics assumes people talk because of who they are but they are actually who they are because of how they talk
6
Q
Who spoke about gender identities, when?
Key points
A
Johnson 1997
- They cannot ever be complete
- Not social roles learnt during childhood/adolescence
- Ongoing social processes
- Gender is not a noun, is a verb
- Language doesn’t mirror gender
7
Q
What is an example of gender being performed?
Who, when?
A
Cameron 1997
- Group of white American males watching sports at home
- Performing their hegemonic masculinities using female characteristics
- Gossip, clothing and body topic, co-operative not as competitive
8
Q
Reading about builders
Who, when?
Key points
A
Baxter and Wallace 2009
- Linguistic identities of white male builders are ‘dominant discourses of masculinity’
- Social group solidarity
- In-group/out-group dichotomy creates prejudice and social divisions
- Profession inaccessible to women due to lack of female-orientated discourse
- Out-group can signal recognition, status or authority
9
Q
Reading no. 2
Who, when?
Key points
A
Holmes 1997
- Linguistic variants associated with particular genders as result of habitual association with particular social groups
- Certain variants gain associations through frequent use by certain social group eg. young girls
- Interactive and changing
10
Q
Briefly summarise Judith Butler’s definition of gender
A
- It is a performance, not what we are
- It is an effect we produce, not a trait
- Repeated stylisation of the body
- Produces the appearance of a natural being
- Socially constructed
1990
