Week 8.2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can we test a patient’s ventral stream?

A
  • ask them to draw a line in the plane of a given object
  • can’t if there is ventral stream damage
  • ask them to put a card in a slot, can because that requires an unconscious knowledge of the relationship between the objects
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2
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

the inability to recognize faces, but a retained emotional response to familiar faces

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3
Q

What is capgras syndrome?

A

the ability to recognizes faces as familiar but without any emotional response, leading one to the belief their loved one has been replaced

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4
Q

Which perceptual stream is damaged in those with prosopagnosia?

A

the ventral stream

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5
Q

Which cerebral hemisphere mediates confabulation?

A

the left

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6
Q

What are the four important structures for decision making?

A
  • amygdala
  • OFC
  • DLPFC
  • anterior cingulate cortex
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7
Q

What role does the amygdala play in decision making?

A

subconscious evaluation of meaning

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8
Q

When you walk into a room and “feel” something is wrong, which brain structure is responsible?

A

the amygdala

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9
Q

What role does the OFC play in decision making?

A

it is your intuition

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10
Q

How can we test the OFC?

A

with the gambling task

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11
Q

OFC lesions will cause what behavioral change?

A

loss of quick, intuitive judgements

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12
Q

What role does the DLPFC play in decision making?

A

it directs working memory and is the “decider”

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13
Q

Damage to the DLPFC will cause what behavioral change?

A

the individual will become very impulsive

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14
Q

What is the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in decision making?

A

it learns from error and decides whether behavior is successfully proceeding toward the desired goals

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15
Q

Which decision making center has very little input from sensory systems?

A

the DLPFC

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16
Q

Which systems of thinking, fast or slow, is capable of learning?

A

both are

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17
Q

Why is the fast system of thinking so quick?

A

it relies on hardwired rules of thumb

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18
Q

Which system of thinking, fast or slow, is more causal?

A

fast

19
Q

The hyper-fast system of thinking is mediated by which brain structure?

A

the amygdala

20
Q

What is the availability bias?

A

reliance on easily recalled (often emotionally charged) events to make decisions

21
Q

What is another name for cognitive inertia?

A

the anchoring bias

22
Q

When it comes to clinical practice, how should you utilize slow and fast thinking?

A
  • rely on fast thinking when you’ve had lots of similar experience
  • use slow thinking to reject simple solutions offered by the OFC then make a decision after a period of not thinking about it using “your gut” if the decision is complex
23
Q

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A

the best diagnostic method

24
Q

What are the steps of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A
  • formulate a probabilistic differential
  • continue to refine it by incorporating new data
  • be comfortable with residual uncertainty
25
Q

How is sensitivity calculated?

A

TP / (TP + FN)

26
Q

How is specificity calculated?

A

TN / (TN + FP)

27
Q

A highly specific test allows you to do what?

A

rule in disease with a positive test

28
Q

A highly sensitive test allows you to do what?

A

rule out disease with a negative test

29
Q

What is another name for post-test probability?

A

positive or negative predictive value

30
Q

What is the equation for positive predictive value?

A

sensitivity(pre-test) + (1-specificity)(1-pretest)

31
Q

What is the equation for negative predictive value?

A

(specificity) (1-pretest)
- ——————————————-
(specificity) (1-pretest) + (1-sensitivity)(pretest)

32
Q

What is a coma?

A

pathologic absence of consciousness

33
Q

What are the four levels of consciousness?

A
  • alert
  • lethargic
  • stupor
  • coma
34
Q

If someone is in a coma, it means one of two things has been damaged?

A
  • the RAS

- the cortex, diffusely

35
Q

Describe the pathway between the RAS and the cortex

A
  • RAS
  • thalamic reticular nucleus
  • cerebral cortex
36
Q

What are the six types of coma?

A
  • psychogenic
  • diffuse cortical
  • diencephalic
  • supratentorial early
  • supratentorial late
  • subtentorial
37
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the eye induces what pupillary state?

A

constricted

38
Q

Describe the state of someone’s pupils in the various types of coma.

A
  • psychogenic: mid-range, reactive
  • diffuse cortical: small, reactive
  • diencephalic: small, reactive
  • early supratentorial: small, reactive
  • late supratentorial: mid-range, unreactive
  • subtentorial: mid-range, unreative
39
Q

What is the oculocephalic reflex?

A

“dolls eye reflex” which maintains a forward gaze when the head is turned (same as VOR)

40
Q

How can we test a coma patient’s slow eye movements?

A
  • oculocephalic reflex

- cold caloric

41
Q

Normal response to cold calorics is what?

A

slow eye movement ipsilaterally

42
Q

True or false, slow eye movements are sensitive to toxic-metabolic processes.

A

moderately true

43
Q

Describe the eye movements for each type of coma.

A
  • diffuse cortical: intact or abnormal
  • diencephalic: intact
  • early supratentorial: intact
  • late supratentorial: abnormal
  • subtentorial: abnormal