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Neuro Part 2 > Week 6.3 > Flashcards

Week 6.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the CN VIII cell bodies located?

A
  • vestibular (aka Scarpa’s) ganglion

- auditory ganglion

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2
Q

Where are the CN VIII cell bodies located?

A
  • vestibular (aka Scarpa’s) ganglion

- auditory ganglion

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3
Q

CN VIII afferents synapse in which nuclei?

A

vestibular and cochlear

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4
Q

Normally, the only fluid filled part of the ear is what?

A

the inner ear

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5
Q

What causes depolarization of auditory hair cells?

A

movement of the stereocilia in the direction of the kinocilium

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6
Q

What are otoliths?

A

calcium carbonate crystals embedded in a glycoprotein matrix atop vestibular hair cell sin the macular organs, which shift with gravity and bend stereocilia

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7
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

a ridge of tissue in the semicircular canals in which vestibular hair cells are embedded

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8
Q

What is the cupula?

A

a tall glycoprotein matrix mass above the crista-ampullaris into which vestibular hair cells for the kinetic labyrinth are embedded

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9
Q

Fluid flowing through the semicircular canals deflects what?

A

the cupula

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10
Q

The Romberg test is a ____ test.

A

sensory

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11
Q

Performing normally on the Romberg test requires two of what three systems to be functional?

A
  • visual
  • proprioception
  • vestibular
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12
Q

Describe the pathway for sound into the inner ear.

A
  • external auditory meatus
  • tympanic membrane
  • meatus
  • incus
  • stapes
  • oval window
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13
Q

Name three functions of the middle ear.

A
  • impedence matching
  • pressure equalization
  • gain control of vibrations reaching the inner ear
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14
Q

CN VIII afferents synapse in which nuclei?

A

vestibular and cochlear

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15
Q

Normally, the only fluid filled part of the ear is what?

A

the inner ear

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16
Q

What causes depolarization of auditory hair cells?

A

movement of the stereocilia in the direction of the kinocilium

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17
Q

What are otoliths?

A

calcium carbonate crystals embedded in a glycoprotein matrix atop vestibular hair cell sin the macular organs, which shift with gravity and bend stereocilia

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18
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

a ridge of tissue in the semicircular canals in which vestibular hair cells are embedded

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19
Q

What is the cupula?

A

a tall glycoprotein matrix mass above the crista-ampullaris into which vestibular hair cells for the kinetic labyrinth are embedded

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20
Q

Fluid flowing through the semicircular canals deflects what?

A

the cupula

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21
Q

The Romberg test is a ____ test.

A

sensory

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22
Q

Performing normally on the Romberg test requires two of what three systems to be functional?

A
  • visual
  • proprioception
  • vestibular
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23
Q

Describe the pathway for sound into the inner ear.

A
  • external auditory meatus
  • tympanic membrane
  • meatus
  • incus
  • stapes
  • oval window
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24
Q

Name three functions of the middle ear.

A
  • impedence matching
  • pressure equalization
  • gain control of vibrations reaching the inner ear
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25
Q

What is impedence matching?

A

preventing the loss of pressure at the oval window as sound goes from air to fluid conduction

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26
Q

The Eustachian tube connects what?

A

the middle ear with the nasopharynx

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27
Q

What muscles can change the stiffness of the tympanic membrane and dampen movement of the stapes?

A
  • tensor tympani

- stapedius

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28
Q

What mechanism within the middle ear protects cochlear hair cells from loud sounds?

A

the tensor tympani and stapedius

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29
Q

The membranous labyrinth divides the bony labyrinth of the cochlea into what layers?

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala media
  • scala tympani
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30
Q

The stapes transmits sound waves into which region within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea?

A

the scala vestibuli

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31
Q

Auditory hair cells sit on what structure?

A

the basilar membrane

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32
Q

There are how many rows of inner and outer hair cells?

A

one row of inner and three of outer

33
Q

What area within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea is filled with endolymph?

A

the scala media

34
Q

What is the stria vascularis?

A

an outer portion fo the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea that pumps potassium ions into the scala media

35
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

a membrane that sits atop auditory hair cells to displace stereocilia when sound vibrations move the basilar membrane

36
Q

Describe the passage of sound waves through the inner ear.

A
  • oval window
  • scala vestibuli (perilymph)
  • vestibular membrane
  • scala media (endolymph)
  • basilar membrane
37
Q

Describe how auditory hair cells become depolarized.

A
  • the tectorial membrane scrapes against the stereocilia, displacing them
  • if this occurs in the direction toward the kinocilium, it induces a potassium influx that depolarizes the cell
38
Q

Describe the ionic composition of endolymph?

A

high in potassium

39
Q

How is sound information organized in the auditory system?

A

according to frequency

40
Q

How is tonotopic organization achieved within the cochlea?

A

the basilar membrane varies in width and stiffness throughout the cochlea such that different frequencies of sound stimulate specific parts of the basilar membrane and corresponding hair cells

41
Q

Describe the width and flexibility of the basilar membrane at the base of the cochlea.

A

narrow and stiff

42
Q

The base of the cochlea is more sensitive to what kinds of sounds?

A

high frequency sounds

43
Q

Which population of hair cells are actually responsible for transducing sound waves?

A

inner hair cells

44
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

modify basilar membrane movement to alter its stiffness and sharpen frequency tuning

45
Q

What hair cell population is more susceptible to damage?

A

outer hair cells

46
Q

What neurons innervate outer hair cells?

A

motor efferents from the superior olivary nucleus in the pons

47
Q

At what point does the auditory pathway become bilateral?

A

above the level of the cochlear nucleus

48
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

on the lower bank of the lateral sulcus

49
Q

Describe the pathway for auditory information.

A
  • auditory ganglion cells
  • cochlear nucleus
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
  • auditory cortex
50
Q

What is the role of the superior olivary nucleus?

A

control outer hair cell activity

51
Q

What are two ways you can test the hearing of babies?

A
  • auditory brainstem response

- otoacoustic emissions

52
Q

If an individual has no otoacoustic emissions, what is damaged?

A

outer hair cells

53
Q

As we age, what frequency of sounds do we lose the ability to hear?

A

high frequency

54
Q

Our threshold for hearing is lowest in what range of frequencies?

A

those used for speech

55
Q

What is an audiogram?

A

a graph of thresholds for given frequencies, relative to the average at each frequency

56
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

impaired conduction of sound through the external or middle ear

57
Q

What is sensorineural loss?

A

pathology of the inner ear or 8th nerve

58
Q

The most common central hearing disorder is what?

A

an acoustic neuroma

59
Q

Bone conduction tests what kind of hearing?

A

sensorineural

60
Q

Describe the results of a Weber test.

A
  • normal if sound doesn’t localize to one side
  • conductive hearing loss if localizes to the affected ear
  • sensorineural hearing loss if it localizes to the unaffected ear
61
Q

In practice we say that normal hearing is in what range on an audiogram?

A

up to 20 dB HL

62
Q

How does conductive hearing loss appear on an audiogram?

A
  • air conduction will be low

- bone conduction will be normal

63
Q

How does sensorineural hearing loss appear on an audiogram?

A

both air and bone conduction tests will be low

64
Q

How does a mixed hearing loss appear on an audiogram?

A
  • air conduction very low

- bone conduction somewhat low

65
Q

What are three common causes of conductive hearing loss?

A
  • impacted cerumen
  • otitis media (middle ear infection)
  • otosclerosis
66
Q

What is otitis media?

A

a middle ear infection

67
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

an overgrowth of bone in the middle ear auricles causing them to become stiff, leading to conductive hearing loss

68
Q

Name some common causes of sensorineural hearing loss.

A
  • perinatal infection
  • long-standing otitis media or otosclerosis
  • hereditary
  • high intensity sound
  • ototoxic drugs
69
Q

Name a commonly used ototoxic dug.

A

aspirin

70
Q

High intensity sound will cause what kind of hearing loss?

A

sensorineural

71
Q

While ___ hair cells are more susceptible to damage, damage to ___ hair cells causes a more profound hearing loss.

A
  • outer more susceptible

- inner more significant

72
Q

How can we treat sensorineural hearing loss?

A
  • hearing aids

- cochlear implants

73
Q

What is Meniere’s disease?

A

a disorder of hearing loss due to an excessive amount of endolymph in the cochlea

74
Q

How is Meniere’s disease treated?

A

with a low salt diet and diuretics

75
Q

What are the symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

A
  • fluctuating hearing loss
  • fluctuating rotational vertigo
  • fluctuating tinnitis
76
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

the perception of a phantom sound

77
Q

Tinnitus most commonly accompanies what?

A

cochlear hair cell loss

78
Q

What is the difference between objective and subjective tinnitus?

A
  • objective is due to pulsation of a blood vessel

- subjective is due to dysfunction of the auditory system

Neuro Part 2 (18 decks)

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