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Neuro Part 2 > Week 6.4 > Flashcards

Week 6.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are implicit and explicit memories stored?

A
  • implicit: more diffusely (cerebellum and striatum)

- explicit: medial temporal lobe

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2
Q

Something will stay in your short-term memory for as long as you ___.

A

rehearse it

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3
Q

The process of transferring immediate to short-term memory is called what?

A

working memory

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4
Q

Where does the transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory occur?

A

in the limbic circuits

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5
Q

Working memory is mediated by what brain region?

A

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

Long-term memory can be relatively unaffected even if ___ of the cortex has been damaged.

A

25%, they are resistant because they are stored in a network

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7
Q

Which memory system depends on the intactness of the cortex?

A

working memory

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8
Q

Long term potentiation is mediated by what NT system?

A

NMDA receptors and glutamate

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9
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

the process that strengthens a memory after it’s initial acquisition

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10
Q

The memory circuit is named what?

A

the Papez circuit

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11
Q

What brain region is involved in short-term memory?

A

the Papez circuit

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12
Q

What sort of damage is required to disrupt short-term memory?

A

bilateral damage to the Papez circuits

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13
Q

How can we test working memory?

A
  • digit span
  • 5-7 unrelated word or numbers
  • repeat a brief story
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14
Q

Orientation to time and place is a test of what kind of memory?

A

short-term

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15
Q

How can we test short-term memory?

A
  • orientation to time and place

- remember a word list for three minutes

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16
Q

What are some etiologies for isolated amnestic syndromes?

A
  • large frontal lesion
  • midline thalamic lesion
  • basilar occlusion
  • thiamine deficiency
  • anoxia
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17
Q

What is “hollywood” amnesia?

A

a psychogenic memory loss in which short-term memory is preserved but long-term memory is severely compromised

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18
Q

What kind of memory problems are common with normal aging?

A
  • forget specific dates and names
  • remember what they forgot
  • can accurately track ongoing events
  • memory deficit is inconsistent
  • remote memories are forgotten more than recent
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19
Q

What sorts of memory are affected in the early and late stages of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • early: short-term memory

- late: working and long-term memory

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20
Q

Trauma will most often affect what kind of memory?

A

short-term memory

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21
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

the inability to form new memories

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22
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

the inability to retrieve formerly learned information

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23
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is due to what?

A

thiamine deficiency

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24
Q

Which brain regions are selectively vulnerable to thiamine deficiency?

A
  • dorsal medial thalamic nuclei

- maxillary bodies

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25
Q

What are the features of Korsakoff’s psychosis?

A
  • anterograde and retrograde amnesia

- confabulation

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26
Q

What is the most common cause of confabulation amongst alcoholics?

A

Korsakoff’s psychosis

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27
Q

What cell types comprise the taste bud?

A
  • taste receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
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28
Q

Which categories of taste are mediated by direct ionic channels?

A
  • salty

- sour

29
Q

Which categories of taste are mediated by second messenger systems?

A
  • sweet
  • bitter
  • umami
30
Q

Which cranial nerves supply gustatory afferents?

A

CN VII, IX, X

31
Q

Which brainstem nuclei mediates taste?

A

the solitary nucleus

32
Q

Describe the pathway of taste afferents into the CNS.

A
  • CN VII, IX, X
  • rostral half of solitary nucleus
  • thalamus
  • inferior lateral somatosensory cortex
33
Q

What kind of receptors bind olfactants and mediate smell?

A

g-protein coupled receptors

34
Q

Olfactory receptor cells project where?

A

to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb where they synapse onto mitral cells

35
Q

What is special about olfactory cells?

A

they are neurons, thus demonstrating one case of adult neurogenesis

36
Q

The olfactory tract is formed by axons from what cell population?

A

mitral cells

37
Q

Describe the direct pathway for olfactory receptor information into the cortex.

A
  • olfactory receptor cell
  • mitral cell in the olfactory bulb
  • piriform cortex
  • orbitofrontal cortex
38
Q

Name the four major functions of the limbic system.

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Olfaction
  • Memory
  • Emotions and Drives
39
Q

What brain structure projects to and passes memories into the cortex?

A

the hippocampus

40
Q

Olfactory information enters the hippocampus via what route?

A

directly through the entorhinal cortex rather than passing through the thalamus

41
Q

Describe the three layers of the dentate gyrus.

A
  • innermost polymorphic
  • granule cell layer
  • outermost molecular
42
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A

projections from the entorhinal cortex to granule cells in the dentate gyrus

43
Q

What are mossy fibers?

A

projections from dentate granule cells to hippocampal pyramidal cells

44
Q

What are the three layers of the hippocampus?

A
  • polymorphic
  • pyramidal
  • molecular
45
Q

Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus receive input from what two sources?

A
  • mossy fibers

- perforant path fibers

46
Q

Where do hippocampal pyramidal cells project?

A

out of the hippocampus via the fornix

47
Q

The amygdala has what three major regions?

A
  • central
  • corticomedian
  • basolateral
48
Q

What is the role of the central amygdala?

A
  • autonomic control
49
Q

The central amygdala receives input form the ___ and projects to the ___.

A
  • viscerosensory relay nuclei

- hypothalamus and brainstem ANS nuclei

50
Q

What is the role of the corticomedian amygdala?

A

feeding and sexual activity

51
Q

The corticomedian amygdala receives input form the ___ and projects to the ___.

A
  • olfactory bulb and piriform cortex

- septum and hypothalamus

52
Q

What is the role of the basolateral amygdala?

A

interpret the emotional importance of events

53
Q

The basolateral amygdala receives input from the ___ and projects to the ___.

A
  • neocortical sensory association cortex

- hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, orbitofronal cortex

54
Q

The hypothalamus has descending input onto what two other systems?

A
  • the pituitary

- sympathetic preganglionic neurons

55
Q

What are the four functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • homeostasis
  • endocrine
  • autonomic
  • limbic
56
Q

What are the two systems through which the hypothalamus controls the pituitary?

A
  • neurohypophyseal

- tuberoinfundibular

57
Q

Describe the neurohypophyseal system.

A

neurons form the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project to the posterior pituitary and release oxytocin and vasopressin

58
Q

Describe the tuberoinfundibular system.

A

neurons from the arcuate and periventricular nuclei project to the anterior pituitary and release releasing factors

59
Q

Name four homeostatic functions of the hypothalamus.

A
  • feeding/eating
  • temperature regulation
  • circadian rhythm
  • thirst/body fluid
60
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is activated by heat and which is activated by cold?

A
  • anterior nucleus by heat

- posterior nucleus by cold

61
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for the body’s temperature set point?

A

the pre-optic nucleus

62
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei sense satiety and hunger?

A
  • ventromedial: satiety

- lateral: hunger

63
Q

A lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei will result in what?

A

an overabundance of feeding activity

64
Q

What are leptins?

A

hormones released by adipose tissue to reduce appetite

65
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

a hormone produced in the gastric mucosa to stimulate apetite

66
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus controls circadian rhythm?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

67
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus releases vasopressin?

A

the supraoptic nucleus

68
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the autonomic nervous system?

A

paraventricular neurons

69
Q

Name four places the hypothalamus receives input from?

A
  • retina
  • fornix
  • amygdala
  • medial forebrain bundle

Neuro Part 2 (18 decks)

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