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Neuro Part 2 > Week 7.3 > Flashcards

Week 7.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is are the criteria A for schizophrenia?

A

two of five for at least two months

  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
  • disorganized behavior
  • negative symptoms
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2
Q

What is formal thought disorder?

A

a thought process disorder (as compared to a disorder of thought content)

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3
Q

What disturbances of thought content are common amongst schizophrenics?

A
  • delusions
  • thought broadcasting
  • thought insertion
  • thought withdrawal
  • ideas of reference
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4
Q

What are ideas of reference?

A

a disturbance of thought content in which a person believes there is special meaning for them in environmental events

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5
Q

What is the most common form of hallucination amongst schizophrenics?

A

auditory hallucinations

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6
Q

What is thought blocking?

A

a disturbance of speech process due to a sudden absence of thought

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7
Q

How long must a person have symptoms to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A

at least six months

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8
Q

Schizophrenia typically has what age of onset?

A
  • 15 to 25 in men

- 25 to 35 in women

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9
Q

__% of schizophrenics will attempt suicide

A

50

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10
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

symptoms of schizophrenia for only 1-6 months

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11
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

an episode of mood disorder occurring with schizophrenic symptoms

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12
Q

What is delusional disorder?

A

a non-bizarre delusion of at least one month duration not accompanied by other schizophrenic symptoms

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13
Q

What is a brief psychotic disorder?

A

delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech for less than one month

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14
Q

What anatomic findings have been linked to schizophrenia?

A
  • lateral and third ventricle enlargment

- decreased cortical, hippocampal, and amygdala volume

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15
Q

Most schizophrenia meds target what NT system?

A

DA, which is typically elevated

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16
Q

Schizophrenics show elevated DA and NE in what brain region?

A

the anterior thalamus

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17
Q

What is a developmental risk factor for schizophrenia?

A

a gestational insult during the first trimester

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18
Q

How do antipsychotic meds work?

A

by blocking D2 receptors

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19
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

personalities that are inflexible, maladaptive, and extreme which cause significant functional impairment

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20
Q

Personality disorders must present before what age?

A

15

21
Q

What are the cluster A personality disorders?

A

odd or eccentric

  • paranoid
  • schizoid
  • schizotypal
22
Q

What is schizoid personality disorder?

A

a lack of interest and detachment from social relationships

23
Q

What is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

a pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, disordered cognitions and perceptions (magical thinking), and behavioral eccentricities

24
Q

What is believed to be the cause of magical thinking in those with schizotypal personality disorder?

A

problems with attention gating and trouble ignoring some stimuli

25
Q

What are the cluster B personality disorders?

A

dramatic, emotional, erratic

  • borderline
  • narcissistic
  • histrionic
  • antisocial
26
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

a pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, etc. with extreme impulsivity

  • form and lose attachments quickly and strongly
  • lots of suicide ideology
  • mood fluctuations
27
Q

What is histrionic personality disorder?

A

a pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior due to feeling most comfortable at the center of attention

28
Q

What are the cluster C personality disorders?

A

anxious, avoidant, and fearfull

  • OCPD
  • dependent personality disorder
  • avoidant personality disorder
29
Q

How does dependent personality disorder often manifest?

A

the person does lots of things for other people because they don’t want to be rejected

30
Q

What is avoidant personality disorder?

A

a sort of pathologic shyness and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

31
Q

What is the most common etiology for personality disorder due to a general medical condition?

A

head trauma

32
Q

What are some risk factors for personality disorder?

A
  • low SES
  • adverse environmental events
  • parents with personality disorder
  • physical or sexual abuse as a child
33
Q

Childhood sexual abuse is most strongly associated with which personality disorder?

A

borderline personality disorder

34
Q

Childhood physical abuse is most strongly associated with which personality disorder?

A

antisocial personality disorder

35
Q

Risk factors for antisocial personality disorder have what in common?

A

they teach the individual a need to put themselves first

36
Q

Through what mechanism does childhood trauma contribute to personality disorders?

A

it sensitizes the HPA axis, altering the function of the amygdala and limbic connections with the prefrontal lobes and increases levels of excitatory NTs to prevent adequate synaptic pruning

37
Q

Cortisol selectively damages which brain structure?

A

the hippocampus

38
Q

What parental feature has been linked to the development of personality disorders?

A

attachments and parenting style

39
Q

Intrusive-dismissive, rejecting and fearful, and terrorizing-disorganized parenting styles contribute to which personality disorders?

A
  • intrusive-dismissive: cluster A
  • rejecting-fearful: cluster B
  • terrorizing-disorganized: cluster C
40
Q

What is the LEAD assessment?

A

a longitudinal, expert evaluation, using all data to assess for personality disorder

41
Q

The primary treatment for personality disorder is what?

A

psychotherapy

42
Q

Which personality disorders are less responsive to psychotherapy?

A

cluster A and antisocial personality disorder

43
Q

What is the most recognized form of psychotherapy for personality disorder?

A

dialectical behavior therapy, which includes modules of mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness

44
Q

Which NT systems are most critical for attentional processes?

A

DA and NE

45
Q

How do we typically treat anxiety disorders?

A

with anxiolytics and SSRIs

46
Q

How do anxiolytic therapies work?

A

by increases GABAergic activity

47
Q

What is the most significant sign of psychological dependence on a drug?

A

the user plans daily activities around obtaining and using the drug

48
Q

What is substance abuse?

A

repeated use despite significant adverse social, legal, and physical consequences

49
Q

What is incentive-sensitization theory?

A

the idea that when a drug has been used in association with certain cues, the cues themselves elicit desire for the drug

Neuro Part 2 (18 decks)

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