Week 7.3 Flashcards
What is are the criteria A for schizophrenia?
two of five for at least two months
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech
- disorganized behavior
- negative symptoms
What is formal thought disorder?
a thought process disorder (as compared to a disorder of thought content)
What disturbances of thought content are common amongst schizophrenics?
- delusions
- thought broadcasting
- thought insertion
- thought withdrawal
- ideas of reference
What are ideas of reference?
a disturbance of thought content in which a person believes there is special meaning for them in environmental events
What is the most common form of hallucination amongst schizophrenics?
auditory hallucinations
What is thought blocking?
a disturbance of speech process due to a sudden absence of thought
How long must a person have symptoms to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?
at least six months
Schizophrenia typically has what age of onset?
- 15 to 25 in men
- 25 to 35 in women
__% of schizophrenics will attempt suicide
50
What is schizophreniform disorder?
symptoms of schizophrenia for only 1-6 months
What is schizoaffective disorder?
an episode of mood disorder occurring with schizophrenic symptoms
What is delusional disorder?
a non-bizarre delusion of at least one month duration not accompanied by other schizophrenic symptoms
What is a brief psychotic disorder?
delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech for less than one month
What anatomic findings have been linked to schizophrenia?
- lateral and third ventricle enlargment
- decreased cortical, hippocampal, and amygdala volume
Most schizophrenia meds target what NT system?
DA, which is typically elevated
Schizophrenics show elevated DA and NE in what brain region?
the anterior thalamus
What is a developmental risk factor for schizophrenia?
a gestational insult during the first trimester
How do antipsychotic meds work?
by blocking D2 receptors
What are personality disorders?
personalities that are inflexible, maladaptive, and extreme which cause significant functional impairment
Personality disorders must present before what age?
15
What are the cluster A personality disorders?
odd or eccentric
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
What is schizoid personality disorder?
a lack of interest and detachment from social relationships
What is schizotypal personality disorder?
a pattern of extreme discomfort interacting socially, disordered cognitions and perceptions (magical thinking), and behavioral eccentricities
What is believed to be the cause of magical thinking in those with schizotypal personality disorder?
problems with attention gating and trouble ignoring some stimuli
What are the cluster B personality disorders?
dramatic, emotional, erratic
- borderline
- narcissistic
- histrionic
- antisocial
What is borderline personality disorder?
a pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, etc. with extreme impulsivity
- form and lose attachments quickly and strongly
- lots of suicide ideology
- mood fluctuations
What is histrionic personality disorder?
a pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior due to feeling most comfortable at the center of attention
What are the cluster C personality disorders?
anxious, avoidant, and fearfull
- OCPD
- dependent personality disorder
- avoidant personality disorder
How does dependent personality disorder often manifest?
the person does lots of things for other people because they don’t want to be rejected
What is avoidant personality disorder?
a sort of pathologic shyness and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
What is the most common etiology for personality disorder due to a general medical condition?
head trauma
What are some risk factors for personality disorder?
- low SES
- adverse environmental events
- parents with personality disorder
- physical or sexual abuse as a child
Childhood sexual abuse is most strongly associated with which personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder
Childhood physical abuse is most strongly associated with which personality disorder?
antisocial personality disorder
Risk factors for antisocial personality disorder have what in common?
they teach the individual a need to put themselves first
Through what mechanism does childhood trauma contribute to personality disorders?
it sensitizes the HPA axis, altering the function of the amygdala and limbic connections with the prefrontal lobes and increases levels of excitatory NTs to prevent adequate synaptic pruning
Cortisol selectively damages which brain structure?
the hippocampus
What parental feature has been linked to the development of personality disorders?
attachments and parenting style
Intrusive-dismissive, rejecting and fearful, and terrorizing-disorganized parenting styles contribute to which personality disorders?
- intrusive-dismissive: cluster A
- rejecting-fearful: cluster B
- terrorizing-disorganized: cluster C
What is the LEAD assessment?
a longitudinal, expert evaluation, using all data to assess for personality disorder
The primary treatment for personality disorder is what?
psychotherapy
Which personality disorders are less responsive to psychotherapy?
cluster A and antisocial personality disorder
What is the most recognized form of psychotherapy for personality disorder?
dialectical behavior therapy, which includes modules of mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness
Which NT systems are most critical for attentional processes?
DA and NE
How do we typically treat anxiety disorders?
with anxiolytics and SSRIs
How do anxiolytic therapies work?
by increases GABAergic activity
What is the most significant sign of psychological dependence on a drug?
the user plans daily activities around obtaining and using the drug
What is substance abuse?
repeated use despite significant adverse social, legal, and physical consequences
What is incentive-sensitization theory?
the idea that when a drug has been used in association with certain cues, the cues themselves elicit desire for the drug
