Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology- term 1 > week 8- respiratory > Flashcards

week 8- respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

In exhalation, describe pressure and volume

A

High pressure
Low volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do lower airways include

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What helps filter large particles

A

Nasal hairs
Turbinates
Mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main muscle of the respiratory system

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What muscles are required when greater effort is required

A

External intercostals
Abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What muscles are required when maximal effort is required

A

Scalenes (accessory muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the serous membrane

A

A double membrane that surrounds the lungs and fluid around them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are conducting airways lined with

A

Epithelial cells
CILIA are present until bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do conducting airways do

A

Move air to areas that gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus which collect foreign particles from the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is mucus made up of

A

GEL layer
PERCILARY layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the end of the cilia

A

Move the gel layers towards the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Once the cilia move gel layer toward the mouth what occur
What is this known as?

A

Cilia detach and move backwards through PERCILIARY LAYER before reattaching and starting the process again

MUCOCILLARY ESCALATOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is each alveolar duct surrounded by?

A

Connective tissue septa (interlobular)
Rich blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is alveoli surrounded by

A

Elastin (elastic tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 3 types of pressure

A

Blood pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define pressure

A

Force applied to a unit area of surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the nasal turbinates (conchae)

A

Produce warm turbulent air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the mucus gel layer

A

Capture pathogens and humidify incoming air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identify the muscles used in inspiration

A

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Pectoral muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells

A

Secrete surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does ventilation not include

A

The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does changing the volume of gas affect

A

The pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What will a low volume create

A

High pressure
All the air molecules are being squeezed and means there is more FORCE against the sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What will a high volume create

A

Low pressure
All the air molecules are spread out and this means there is less FORCE against the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What occurs in inspiration

A

Ribs elevate and Sternum flares as external intercostals contract
Diaphragm moves inferiority during contraction

27
Q

What occurs in expiration

A

Ribs and sternum depress as external intercostals relax
Diaphragms moves superiority as it relaxes

28
Q

The rib cage has a ‘pump handle’ action. What does this mean?

A

A superior and outwards/anterior movement. volume increases

29
Q

What Is compliance

A

The change in lung volume at a given pressure

30
Q

What is force required to overcome?

A

Recoil forces
-elastic properties
-surface tension in 300million alveoli

31
Q

Function of elastic fibres

A

-store energy for recoil
-help to open airways in inspiration
-support airways n expiration (prevent collapsing)

32
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix made of

A

Loose mesh of collagen fibres
Elastic fibres- elastin
Ground stance (proteogylcans-decor in)

33
Q

What’s surface tension lowered by

A

Surfactant

34
Q

What is surfactant

A

Phospholipid that floats on the surface no reduces surface tension

35
Q

What is surfactant secreted by

A

Alveolar type 2 cell

36
Q

What is surface tension

A

Uneven H bonding of water molecules causing the inward pull at its surface

37
Q

What would happen if lung tissue was replaced by scar tissue

A

Lung compliance would decrease
Work of breathing would increase

38
Q

What is the resistance changed by when the radius of a tube is reduced by 1/2

A

16 times

39
Q

Explain compliance in easy terms

A

How easy it is to comply,breathe ect

40
Q

With a low lung compliance,how would this effect breathing

A

Increase frequency of breaths

41
Q

Function of nasal turbinates

A

Generate turbulent air which spins large particles/ bacteria into the oropharynx walls, where they sticks to mucus. They also have a very good blood supply and act as a heat exchanger, warming incoming air and cooling out going air. This adds moisture to incoming air and removes it when leaving

42
Q

Describe the location of parietal pleura

A

Outer layer of lung attached to rib cage, diaphragm etc

43
Q

Describe the pleural cavity

A

Fluid filled cavity between parietal and visceral pleura

44
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane

A

Fluid filled cavity allowing friction free movement of the lungs with its surrounding tissue. As the parietal and visceral layers are attached to different structures the pull in opposite directions, it means the pressure within the cavity is low. Important for maintain inflation of the lung

45
Q

Epithelial cells of upper airways contain cilia, what are cilia and what are their function in the respiratory tract.

A

Cilia are small extensions of epithelial membrane. They are made up of microtubules as well as motor proteins that promote movement. The move in Mexican wave and in doing so help to move mucus up the respiratory tract towards the mouth

46
Q

What cell type produces mucus in respiratory tract

A

Goblet cells

47
Q

Describe structural make up of mucus

A

Mucus gel layer made up of mucin (glycoprotein)
Pericellular layer made up of water

48
Q

Describe how air is warmed and cleaned in upper airways

A

-turbinates turbulent air which spins large particles/ bacteria into naso and oropharynx walls where they stick to mucus
-mucus continues to pick up smaller particles and bacteria up until bronchioles.
-mucus continuously moves along mucocillary escalator meaning it is hard for the bacteria to colonise

49
Q

Describe elastin fibres and their role within lung tissue

A

Fibres within ct
Stores elastic energy during lung tissue expansion
Used to recoil forces during experiation (passive at rest)

50
Q

Describe the blood supply to alveoli structures

A

From pulmonary arteries
Blood moves into bronchial arteries
Into capillary beds which wrap around alveoli

51
Q

Describe how respiratory membrane in alveoli has changed from upper airways. Explain why this is necessary

A

Loss of cartilage, goblet cells, smooth muscle (and ct where alveolus walls meet capillary walls)

expansion reduces the diffusion distance for gas exchange

52
Q

What is the role of type 2 alveolar cell

A

Release surfactant
Surfactant is phospholipid that reduces surface tension
Without it the recoil forces of the water lined alveoli (300 million) would be too great to inflate

53
Q

What is pressure inversely proportional to

A

Volume

54
Q

Describe the process of inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves inferiority increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure
Air moves down its pressure gradient from high to low
External intercostals move the rib cage upwards and outwards although this tends to be used more during strenuous activity in patients with respiratory conditions

55
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and recoil the diaphragms superiorly and the fall of the rib cage under gravity, increases pressure in the thorax and air moves from its high pressure in the lungs to a low pressure In the atmosphere
Internal intercostal muscles may also be contracted which pulls the rib cage downwards and inwards although this tends to be used during stresnuous activity or in patients with respiratory conditions

56
Q

Define ventilation

A

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
It does not describe movement of gas into and out of the body

57
Q

Consider a patient with increased fibrosis collagen deposits in the ct of their lung. How will this effect lung compliance?

A

collagen will mean compliance is reduced and they will have a reduced volume change for a given pressure change
this means that to maintain even a normal tidal volume will require much more energy

58
Q

describe airway resistance

A

air passing through airways generate frictional forces
these forces need to be overcome to allow movement of air into and out of the lungs

59
Q

how would a smaller tube effect airway effect resistance

A

1/2 radius is 16x resistance
increasing respiratory effort ad lowering dynamic compliance

60
Q

define turbulent air flow

A

chaotic, air molecules hit the sides of airways

61
Q

define laminar air flow

A

linear, only air molecules at the sides making contact with airways walls

62
Q

how does turbulent air change resistance

A

increase frictional forces
increase airway resistance
x2 energy required

63
Q
A

Physiology- term 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions