lesson 2- connective tissues

Question 1

name the functions of ct

Answer 1

-connects tissues
-binds and supports
-protects
-insulates
-all derived from a cell layer in the embryo called mesenchyme

Question 2

what are ct’s surrounded by?

Answer 2

ground substance

Question 3

name the ct which is fat

Answer 3

adipose

Question 4

name an example of loose ct

Answer 4

areolar

Question 5

what is the function of areolar?

Answer 5

supports, binds, holds fluids and can act in defence

Question 6

what is the function of cartilage

Answer 6

support and protect

Question 7

after rolling fat, why is there oily remains?

Answer 7

dead cells burst and lipids are released.

Question 8

name the fat cell

Answer 8

adipose

Question 9

what is found in an adipose cell?

Answer 9

many cells (adipocytes), some ground substance and some fibres (collagen and elastic) in the extracellular matrix

Question 10

how and why does fascia differ to fat?

Answer 10

fascia is more tough as it contains more tough, dense irregular fibres which are crosshatched. It also contains fewer cells and ground substance.

Question 11

name the cell type of cartilage.

Answer 11

chondroplast

Question 12

name the cell type of loose ct, tendons, ligaments

Answer 12

fibroblast

Question 13

name the cell type of bone

Answer 13

osteoblast

Question 14

give examples of where the cell chondroblasts are found

Answer 14

cartilage

Question 15

where is osteoblasts found

Answer 15

bone

Question 16

where is fibroblasts found

Answer 16

loose ct, tedons, ligaments

Question 17

what do all cell types have in common?

Answer 17

the end of the name is ‘blast’

Question 18

what is ground substance made up of?

Answer 18

-proteogylcans
-glycoaminoglycans

Question 19

what can the number of proteoglycans effect?

Answer 19

how firm and springy the gel can be

Question 20

what are the units of ground substance called?

Answer 20

aggregate

Question 21

are the gags of the proteoglycans positively or negatively charged?

Answer 21

negatively. they hold water and growth factors.

Question 22

what is collagen made by?

Answer 22

fibroblasts

Question 23

what does collagen make up the majority of? give examples

Answer 23

dense regular- tendons and ligaments
dense irregular- fascia

Question 24

give properties of collagen

Answer 24

-high TENSILE strength
-low COMPRESSIONAL strength
-VISCOELASTIC

Question 25

what do the viscoelastic properties of collagen allow it to do?

Answer 25

act both like a fluid and have elastic properties

Question 26

what does the fluidity of collagen help with?

Answer 26

helps collagen fibrils to slide, with the help of DECORIN PROTEIOGLYCANS

Question 27

what bonds are found in collagen molecules? what can these bonds do?

Answer 27

hydrogen bonds they can break and reform

Question 28

in collagen what allows the stretch and recoil?

Answer 28

fibril crimped ends

Question 29

what occurs in the toe region for collagen.

Answer 29

as stress increases, collagen stretches. large increase in length due to elongation of crimped region

Question 30

what occurs in the elastic region for collagen

Answer 30

collagen continues to elongate due to proteoglycan sliding and h bonds breaking.

Question 31

what is the elastic region also known as?

Answer 31

FUNCTIONAL REGION

Question 32

what occurs in the plastic region for collagen

Answer 32

beyond yield point, collagen remains deformed. continues till rupture.

Question 33

what are elastic fibres made up of?

Answer 33

elastin

Question 34

what do elastic fibres allow?

Answer 34

allow connective tissues to recoil.

Question 35

where are elastic fibres particularly important?

Answer 35

lung and blood vessels

Question 36

how is collagen arranged

Answer 36

in regular strands, parralel to one another. these fibres provide tensile strength

Question 37

describe ground substance

Answer 37

-made of mainly proteoglycans which hold water -cells and fibres present between ground substance cells -good compressional resistance -shock absorbing properties

Question 38

give examples of proteoglycans found in ct

Answer 38

-aggrecab -decorin -hylauronic acid

Question 39

describe the structure of proteoglycans

Answer 39

-made up from glycoaminoglycans that are attached to a sugar backbone

Question 40

What tissues come together to make organs

Answer 40

Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

Question 41

List functions of cells in ct

Answer 41

-creates extracellular matrix -maintain extracellular matrix -cells can dictate function of the connective tissue

Question 42

List functions of ground substance in ct

Answer 42

-generates physical properties of the CT like compression resistance -allows diffusion of water and molecules -has regulatory roles in development and healing

Question 43

List functions of fibres in ct

Answer 43

-generates physical properties of CT like tension resistance -allows cell attachment

Question 44

What will a cell placed in hypertonic solution do

Answer 44

Shrivel and get smaller as water moves out of it

Question 45

Name 3 features of dense irregular ct

Answer 45

Thin, flat cells adapted for absorption of forces from different directions,random alignment, lots of collagen fibres, fibroblast cells, not much ground substance

Question 46

What curve does collagen follow

Answer 46

Stress strain

Question 47

Name the regions of the stress strain curve in order

Answer 47

Toe region Elastic region Plastic region (Failure)