week 4 Lesson 1- Cardiac Flashcards by Abbie Baker

What is the structure of the pericardium

Fibrous and tough outer layer of the heart
Double layer
Inside the layer there is fluid which prevents friction on organs when the heart beats

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What is the function of the inferior Vena cava

Blood from the lower body to the heart DEOXYGENATED TO RA

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What is the function of the superior Vena cava

Collects blood from upper body E.g. head to the heart DEOXYGENATED TO RA

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Where does the blood go in the heart from the pulmonary veins

To the LA

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what is the function of pulmonary veins

Oxygenated blood from the lungs pumped to LA , blood to move around the body

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Once the blood leaves the LV where does it go

Through the AORTA then around the body

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Which contains higher pressure, arteries or veins and why

Arteries. Take blood away from the heart to pump it around the body

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Which side is thicker in the heart

Left

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What is the function of the papillary muscles

Pull down on tendons which hold/ close valves open/closed

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Where is the semi lunar valve located

Before pulmonary artery after the Right side

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How many parts are in the tri and bicuspid valves

Tri-3
Bi-2

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What is different from AV valves and semi lunar valves

Semi lunar valves don’t have any attachments which AV valves do- tendons with capillary muscles attached

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Name all the valves and their type of valves

AV VALVES- bicuspid and tricuspid valve
SEMI LUNAR- pulmonary valve and aortic valve

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What is the function of valves

To prevent the back flow of blood

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Name the order of the right side of the heart

Superior vena cava
RA
tricuspid valve
RV
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs

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Name the order of the left side of the heart

pulmonary veins
LA
bicuspid valve
LV
aortic valve
Aorta
Body

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How does blood enter coronary arteries

Via coronary osteom (seen in aorta)

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From the aorta coronary ostium, what is the blood like, how does this relate to its function

High pressure
Oxygenated
Blood can circulate around coronary arteries

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At rest, how much o2 unbind from bloodu in cardiac muscle

75%
In exercise, oxygen demand can only be met by increased bloody flow and not increased extraction

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How can we increase blood flow

Via vasodialation- lumen dialatea to allow more blood to flow

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What increase when vasoconstriction accurs

Pressure increases
Blood flow decreases - pressure stips blood flow

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Why is vasodialation good
Why is constriction sometimes bad

Allows more blood to flow so more oxygen to bind to working muscles
- reduce blood flow

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How is the heart muscle different to other types of muscles

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It has branching

What does branching of heart muscle allow

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Interconnections between each other and the branches called INTERCOLATED DISC

What are found in the intercolated discs

Gap junctions Desomosones

Define gap junction

Membrane bound proteins from adjacent cells line up to form a channel which allow diffusion of small ions and molecules

What does cardiac muscle have more of

Mitochondria- don’t undergo anaerobic respiration

Define desomosones. What does this allow

Act like rivets, act like a unit and stick themselves together, they don’t pull apart. Allowing contraction as one unit, all together instead of squeezing individually

What is located between muscle fibres of the cardiac muscle. What does this allow

Connective tissue skeleton Allows to rapture itself and move things across

What is a refractory period is

Can’t be another AP generated

What is periods of relaxtation called

Diastole

What are periods of contraction called

Systole

What structure allows the spreading of electrical activity through the heart

Gap junctions

How does the structure of the cells in the heart allow spreading events to accur

Specialised myocites have unstable membrane potentials. Intrinsic control (internal) so can depolarise.

What initiates the start of the cardiac stable and why

Sinoatrial node as it’s the most u stable

What occurs after sinoatrial node starts the cycle

Atrioventricular node, bundle of his (AV bundle) this bundle branches and purkinjie fibres. (Transmits the depolarisation down)

Describe how the cardiac cycle occurs

P wave= atrial depolarisation/systole of the SA node spreads across atria causing contraction. Impulse prevented from moving into ventricles by CT skeleton/ gap junctions QRS= ventricular depolarisation/ systole and atrial depolarisation/systole Depolarisation of AV node spreads down to bundles of HIS, bundle branches spreading to purkinjie fibres in ventricular apex

What is the name of the structure which receives the depolarisation last in the cardiac cycle

Purkinjie fibres

what do chemoreceptors monitor

CO2 , O2, ph change (acidicity)

What do baroreceptors detect

Pressure changes ^

Where are baroreceptors found

Aortic arch Carotid sinus

What do baroreceptors respond to

Stretch of blood vessels

What do chemoreceptors help to do

Match cardiac output to rate of ventilation

Once baroreceptors have been stretched, what occurs

Increase impulses sent to cardiovascular centre of the medulla oblongata -CV centre has cardioscceleratory centre (accelerator) and a cardioinhibitory centre (brake) -sympathetic outputs from cardioaccelaratory centre travels down cardiac nerve to SPEED UP -parasympathetic outputs from cardioinhibitory centre travel down vagal nerve to SLOW DOWN

At rest what is the normal heart rate and how

60-70bpm as it’s continuously slowed (vagal tone) from 100bpm

What hormones modify the cardiac cycle

Adrenaline Noradrenaline

Does neural control and hormonal control last longer

Neural control is quick and short lasting Longer hours are influences from hormones to co-ordinate heart

Define stroke volume

Volume of blood leaving the heart per beat (70ml at rest)

What is cardiac output

Vol of blood leaving heart per minute SV x HR

Name the different nodes in the heart

SA NODE AV NODE

Describe the P wave

Atrial systole Depolarisation of SA node spreads across atria causing contraction. Impulse prevented from moving into ventricles by CONNECTIVE TISSUE SKELETON/ lack of gap junctions

Describe the QRS wave

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole Depolarisation of AV node spreads to bundle of his, bundle branches and purkinjie fibres in the ventricle apex

What if the T wave

Ventricular repolarisation

Name neural control receptors and their function

Chemoreceptors- co2, o2, ph change Baroreceptors- pressure change

What normally initiates ventricular contraction

Purkinjie fibres

How is the heart myogenic

It can beat on its own

week 4 Lesson 1- Cardiac Flashcards

(56 cards)