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Physiology- term 1 > week 4 Lesson 1- Cardiac > Flashcards

week 4 Lesson 1- Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the pericardium

A

Fibrous and tough outer layer of the heart
Double layer
Inside the layer there is fluid which prevents friction on organs when the heart beats

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2
Q

What is the function of the inferior Vena cava

A

Blood from the lower body to the heart DEOXYGENATED TO RA

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3
Q

What is the function of the superior Vena cava

A

Collects blood from upper body E.g. head to the heart DEOXYGENATED TO RA

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4
Q

Where does the blood go in the heart from the pulmonary veins

A

To the LA

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5
Q

what is the function of pulmonary veins

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs pumped to LA , blood to move around the body

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6
Q

Once the blood leaves the LV where does it go

A

Through the AORTA then around the body

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7
Q

Which contains higher pressure, arteries or veins and why

A

Arteries. Take blood away from the heart to pump it around the body

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8
Q

Which side is thicker in the heart

A

Left

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9
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles

A

Pull down on tendons which hold/ close valves open/closed

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10
Q

Where is the semi lunar valve located

A

Before pulmonary artery after the Right side

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11
Q

How many parts are in the tri and bicuspid valves

A

Tri-3
Bi-2

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12
Q

What is different from AV valves and semi lunar valves

A

Semi lunar valves don’t have any attachments which AV valves do- tendons with capillary muscles attached

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13
Q

Name all the valves and their type of valves

A

AV VALVES- bicuspid and tricuspid valve
SEMI LUNAR- pulmonary valve and aortic valve

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14
Q

What is the function of valves

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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15
Q

Name the order of the right side of the heart

A

Superior vena cava
RA
tricuspid valve
RV
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs

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16
Q

Name the order of the left side of the heart

A

pulmonary veins
LA
bicuspid valve
LV
aortic valve
Aorta
Body

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17
Q

How does blood enter coronary arteries

A

Via coronary osteom (seen in aorta)

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18
Q

From the aorta coronary ostium, what is the blood like, how does this relate to its function

A

High pressure
Oxygenated
Blood can circulate around coronary arteries

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19
Q

At rest, how much o2 unbind from bloodu in cardiac muscle

A

75%
In exercise, oxygen demand can only be met by increased bloody flow and not increased extraction

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20
Q

How can we increase blood flow

A

Via vasodialation- lumen dialatea to allow more blood to flow

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21
Q

What increase when vasoconstriction accurs

A

Pressure increases
Blood flow decreases - pressure stips blood flow

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22
Q

Why is vasodialation good
Why is constriction sometimes bad

A

Allows more blood to flow so more oxygen to bind to working muscles
- reduce blood flow

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23
Q

How is the heart muscle different to other types of muscles

A

It has branching

24
Q

What does branching of heart muscle allow

A

Interconnections between each other and the branches called INTERCOLATED DISC

25
Q

What are found in the intercolated discs

A

Gap junctions
Desomosones

26
Q

Define gap junction

A

Membrane bound proteins from adjacent cells line up to form a channel which allow diffusion of small ions and molecules

27
Q

What does cardiac muscle have more of

A

Mitochondria- don’t undergo anaerobic respiration

28
Q

Define desomosones. What does this allow

A

Act like rivets, act like a unit and stick themselves together, they don’t pull apart. Allowing contraction as one unit, all together instead of squeezing individually

29
Q

What is located between muscle fibres of the cardiac muscle. What does this allow

A

Connective tissue skeleton
Allows to rapture itself and move things across

30
Q

What is a refractory period is

A

Can’t be another AP generated

31
Q

What is periods of relaxtation called

A

Diastole

32
Q

What are periods of contraction called

A

Systole

33
Q

What structure allows the spreading of electrical activity through the heart

A

Gap junctions

34
Q

How does the structure of the cells in the heart allow spreading events to accur

A

Specialised myocites have unstable membrane potentials. Intrinsic control (internal) so can depolarise.

35
Q

What initiates the start of the cardiac stable and why

A

Sinoatrial node as it’s the most u stable

36
Q

What occurs after sinoatrial node starts the cycle

A

Atrioventricular node, bundle of his (AV bundle) this bundle branches and purkinjie fibres. (Transmits the depolarisation down)

37
Q

Describe how the cardiac cycle occurs

A

P wave= atrial depolarisation/systole of the SA node spreads across atria causing contraction. Impulse prevented from moving into ventricles by CT skeleton/ gap junctions

QRS= ventricular depolarisation/ systole and atrial depolarisation/systole
Depolarisation of AV node spreads down to bundles of HIS, bundle branches spreading to purkinjie fibres in ventricular apex

38
Q

What is the name of the structure which receives the depolarisation last in the cardiac cycle

A

Purkinjie fibres

39
Q

what do chemoreceptors monitor

A

CO2 , O2, ph change (acidicity)

40
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

Pressure changes ^

41
Q

Where are baroreceptors found

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinus

42
Q

What do baroreceptors respond to

A

Stretch of blood vessels

43
Q

What do chemoreceptors help to do

A

Match cardiac output to rate of ventilation

44
Q

Once baroreceptors have been stretched, what occurs

A

Increase impulses sent to cardiovascular centre of the medulla oblongata
-CV centre has cardioscceleratory centre (accelerator) and a cardioinhibitory centre (brake)
-sympathetic outputs from cardioaccelaratory centre travels down cardiac nerve to SPEED UP
-parasympathetic outputs from cardioinhibitory centre travel down vagal nerve to SLOW DOWN

45
Q

At rest what is the normal heart rate and how

A

60-70bpm as it’s continuously slowed (vagal tone) from 100bpm

46
Q

What hormones modify the cardiac cycle

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

47
Q

Does neural control and hormonal control last longer

A

Neural control is quick and short lasting
Longer hours are influences from hormones to co-ordinate heart

48
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood leaving the heart per beat (70ml at rest)

49
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Vol of blood leaving heart per minute
SV x HR

50
Q

Name the different nodes in the heart

A

SA NODE
AV NODE

51
Q

Describe the P wave

A

Atrial systole
Depolarisation of SA node spreads across atria causing contraction.
Impulse prevented from moving into ventricles by CONNECTIVE TISSUE SKELETON/ lack of gap junctions

52
Q

Describe the QRS wave

A

Ventricular systole and atrial diastole
Depolarisation of AV node spreads to bundle of his, bundle branches and purkinjie fibres in the ventricle apex

53
Q

What if the T wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

54
Q

Name neural control receptors and their function

A

Chemoreceptors- co2, o2, ph change
Baroreceptors- pressure change

55
Q

What normally initiates ventricular contraction

A

Purkinjie fibres

56
Q

How is the heart myogenic

A

It can beat on its own

Physiology- term 1 (15 decks)

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