Week 10- Renal System

Question 1

What is the glomerular filtration rate determined on

Answer 1

Filtration rate

Question 2

What does filtration rate need to be

Answer 2

Constant

Question 3

What happens if the filtration rate is too fast

Answer 3

Filtration wont be reabsorbed

Question 4

What happens if the filtration rate is too slow

Answer 4

Everything is reabsorbed

Question 5

What drives fluid out

Answer 5

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Effect of proteins in arterioles

Answer 6

Has osmotic pressure in blood to oppose movement of fluid out as does hydrostatic pressure of filtrate

Question 7

What regulates filtration

Answer 7

Arterioles size

Question 8

Describe the juxtaglobular complex

Answer 8

The wall of distil convoluted tubule connects with afferent arterioles. When flood flows too quickly through the DCT the MACULA DENSA releases ATP which causes the afferent arteriole to constrict

Question 9

Describe the process of reabsoprtion

Answer 9

Sodium potassium pump used to remove sodium from basal region

Sodium used to co transport other useful substances such as glucose

Peritubular hydrostsatic pressure s low and osmotic pressure is high so water (osmosis) and other ions move out the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

What increases glomerular filtration rate
What wil this cause

Answer 10

Increases resistance of efferent arterole (constriction)

Increased pH in GFR

Question 11

What decreases glomerular filtration rate
What will this cause

Answer 11

INCREASES RESISTANCE IN AFFERENT ARTEROLE (constriction)

Decrease capillary BP, decrease in pH

Question 12

What does the wall of sitar convoluted tubule connect to

Answer 12

Afferent arterole

Question 13

Describe juxtaglomerular process

Answer 13

The wall of distal convoluted tubule connects with afferent arterioles. When fluid flows too quickly through DCT, the MACULA DENSA releases ATP which amuses afferent arterole to constrict

Question 14

What causes afferent arterole to constrict

Answer 14

JUXTAGLOMERULAR PROCESS

The wall of distal convoluted tubule connects with afferent arterioles. When fluid flows too quickly through DCT, the MACULA DENSA releases ATP which amuses afferent arterole to constrict

Question 15

How many times is plasma filtered a day

Answer 15

60

Question 16

What cell help with re absorption

Answer 16

Microvilli
Increase SA:V

Question 17

Define blood pressure

Answer 17

The force applied to a unit area of surface of blood vessel wall by the blood contained within it

Question 18

Which arterole is first

Answer 18

Afferent

Question 19

Where does selective reabsorptoion occur

Answer 19

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 20

Substances are more likely to pass from the glomerulus into the proximal a convoluted tubule if they are ?s

Answer 20

Small and under high pressure

Question 21

What is the glomerulus filtration rate

Answer 21

Flow of plasma from glomerulus into bowman’s capsule

Question 22

What makes up the juxtaglomerular complex

Answer 22

Macula DENSA cells In loop of Henley and granular cells of afferent arterole of glomerulus

Question 23

What do macula densa cells do

Answer 23

When the flow of filtrate is high it releases ATP into afferent arterole ofglomerulus causing it to contract

Question 24

Where does reabsorption mainkhy occur

Answer 24

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 25

How are glucose molecules reabsorbed

Answer 25

Combination of active and passive transport across tubule cells

Question 26

Why can hyperglycaemia in diabetes melitus cause glucose to enter urine

Answer 26

Excessive glucose in filtrate saturates the glucose co-transported

Question 27

What makes the tubule cells impermeable

Answer 27

Lots of tight junctions and water

Question 28

When does the hypothalamus shrink

Answer 28

When osmoreceptors detect when blood is concentrated Or a drop in bpdetetced

Question 29

What do osmoreceptors release when conc blood is detected What does this do

Answer 29

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH) / VASOPRESSIN This circulates kidney and can cause behavioural change- thirst

Question 30

Once ADH is released, what does it do? What does this cause?

Answer 30

Binds to its receptor in the DST and collecting ducts Causes a release in AQUAPORINS AQUAPORINS become membrane bound and allow the passage of water acros the cells and into capillaries by osmosis

Question 31

By the time filtrate reaches DCT, how much water and sodium remains

Answer 31

Water- 25% Na- 10%

Question 32

Function of adrenal cortex of adrenal glands

Answer 32

Monitor sodium and potassium (electrolytes) HIGH K+ or LOW Na+ stimulate release of the hormone ALDOSTERONE

Question 33

Function of ALDOSTERONE

Answer 33

Stimulate DCT and collecting ducts Increase rate of sodium potassium pump, increased rate of sodium uptake and potassium excretion Cause production of more channels and pumps in longer term

Question 34

What affects bp

Answer 34

Vessel diameter Vessel length Blood viscosity

Question 35

Function of granular cells

Answer 35

Sensitive to BP in arterioles, release an enzyme called RENIN STIMULATED BY THE CV CENTRE is sympathetic nerves and macula densa if flow is too slow

Question 36

How is water reabsorbed in DCT

Answer 36

ADH stimulates release o9f AQUAPORINS

Question 37

How would an increase in ADH change urine production and blood pressure

Answer 37

Decrease urine production Increase blood pressure

Question 38

Where is aldosterone produced

Answer 38

Adrenal cortex

Question 39

What effect has aldosterone on kidney

Answer 39

Reabsorption if sodium ions Excretion of potassium ions

Question 40

What is rennin and where is it released from

Answer 40

Enzyme Released from granular cells of JGC

Question 41

What does renin do

Answer 41

Concert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Question 42

What affect does angiotensin 11 have

Answer 42

Increases cardiac output Stimulates the release of ADH stimulates release of aldosterone Stimulates vasoconstriction