Week 8 Reading (#2) : Lu - Domains of Epidemiological Studies

Question 1

Roman philosopher Cicero praised Healthy aging and said that old age is respectable as long as it

Answer 1

1. asserts itself
2. maintains its rights
3. is subservient to no one

Question 2

T or F: cicero believes that old age is not a phase of decline and loss but rather an opportunity for changes in later life

Answer 2

T

Question 3

In 1987, Rowe and Kahn defined successful aging on the basis of a _______ model

Answer 3

psychosocial model

Question 4

Intrinsic vs extrinsic factors

Answer 4

Intrinsic: physiological factors
- carbohydrate metabolism, bone density, cognitive function

Extrinsic: psychosocial factors
- autonomy, control or social support

Question 5

In 1997, Rowe and Kahn defined successful aging according to 3 standards

Answer 5

1. Low probability of disease & disease-related disability and related risk factors
2. High cognitive and physical functional capacity
3. Active engagement with life

Question 6

what is Baltes and Baltes SOC theory (1990)

Answer 6

Due to aging, individuals may experience restrictions in various functional capabilities such as cognitive, emotional, or physical domains

Question 7

ways to cope w SOC theory

Answer 7

Selection = an adaptive procedure where individuals may prioritize capabilities in other, new, or transformed domains and set new goals due to environmental demands and their own motivational skills

Optimisation = reflects individuals behaviours
- will take advantage of their remaining functions

Compensation = can be mental/and technological
- Take advantage of external compensatory strategies to cope with internal incapacities
Ex. using a hearing aid for hearing loss

Question 8

Kuh and colleagues Defined healthy aging according to 3 principles

Answer 8

1. Survival to old age
2. Delay in the onset of chronic diseases and disabilities
3. Optimal functioning for the maximal time period

*suggested to continue social participation

Question 9

healthy aging - WHO , 2002
+ 4 elements

Answer 9

“The process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-being in older age”

1. Functional abilities
2. Intrinsic capabilities
3. Environments
4. Wellbeings

Question 10

4 questions were used in the method for the study

Answer 10

1. Does the study design yield a representative sample of the defined target population?
2. Were the measures of healthy aging reliable and valid?
3. Were features of sampling design accounted for in the analysis?
4. Did they report results with confidence intervals?

Question 11

Lara and colleagues identified 5 fundamental domains of a healthy aging phenotype

Answer 11

1. Physiological and metabolic health
2. Physical capability
3. Cognitive function
4. Social wellbeing
5. Psychological well being

+ additional domains created
6. General health status
7. Security
8. Health behaviours

Question 12

According to Baltes & Baltes Theory, many older people have ___________________, but they may still be capable of taking advantage of their remaining capacities and compensating for any losses or limitations

Answer 12

impairment in one or more domains

Question 13

SOC focuses on the importance of ________ allowing for self efficacy and growth in the context of increased biological vulnerability and reduced capabilities

Answer 13

resilience