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2711 Midterm > 2: Aging Population > Flashcards

2: Aging Population Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

the study of the size, structure (age), and distribution of human populations

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2
Q

Population is aging because of 3 demographic changes

A
  1. Increasing Life Expectancy
    1. Declining Fertility rates
    2. Immigration
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3
Q
  1. life expectancy
A

average number of years a person is PROJECTED to live
- NOT average age at the time of death

Better medical treatment
○ Lower fatality rates

Better public health, effective health promotion
○ Seat belts, smoking cessation

  • epidemiological transition
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4
Q

life expectancy @ birth

A

M: 80
W: 84

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5
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

the replacement of infectious disease by chronic degenerative disease over time
- majority of the population gains reliable access to the basic material necessities of life
○ People live longer
○ Chronic disease don’t kill people quickly

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6
Q
  1. Declining Fertility rates
A

More developed countries = low TFR
Least developed countries = higher TFR

  1. Baby boom (1946-65)
  2. Baby bust (after 1965)
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7
Q

Fertility Rate vs Birth Rate

A

Fertility = individual measure
- Average # of live births a woman can be expected to have in her lifetime
- NOT the # of times a women gets pregnant

Birth = population measure
- Number of live births per 1000 women

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8
Q

4 Stages of Demographic Transition

A

stage 1: high fertility & mortality
- small pop. , slow growth
- + young people, - older people

stage 2: high fertility & declining mortality
- pop. grows (more children survive)
- pop. may explode and get younger
- (- )older peolpe

stage 3: declining fertility & mortality
- pop. growth levels = state of transition from young high-growth to old low-growth pop.
- + older people

stage 4: low fertility & mortality
- low pop. growth
- ++ old people

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9
Q
  1. Immigration
A

INCREASING dependency ratio

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10
Q

overall dependency ratio

A

pop. 0-19 + pop. 65+ // pop. 20-64
^^those who work^^
^^no economic^^
contribution

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11
Q

Youth dependency ratio

A

pop. 0-19 / pop. 20-64

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12
Q

Old age dependency ratio

A

of people age 65+ / population age 20 -64

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13
Q

apocalyptic demography

A

Treated people living longer as a burden to society

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14
Q

T of F Canada’s population = one of the older populations in the world

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Demographers use at least 3 measures of population aging

A
  1. # of older people in a population
  2. Median age of a population
  3. Proportion of older people in a population
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15
Q

T or F

A

Increase in # of older people (65+) will happen simultaneously as world has a decrease in children

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15
Q

developed, less developed, least developed regions

A

Developed regions: more developed countries
○ Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand, Japan

Less developed regions: developing socio-economically
○ China, India, Brazil .etc

Least developed: 47 countries that are the poorest economically and have weak human indicators
○ Haiti, Niger, Yemen, Democratic Republic of the Congo .etc

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16
Q

least developed nations

A

High fertility rates, lower life expectancy, low % of older people

  • need to support dependent children and older pop.

may need hybrid system: family support + government programs

Hardships due to rapid urbanization

The Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign
○ Stephen Lewis Foundation (SLF) created to support African grandmothers caring for children orphaned by AIDs

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17
Q

less developed nations

A

Declining fertility rates and rising life expectancies

  • will have larger proportions of older people than ever before
  • don’t have social services or economic resources to help elderly poor (developing economy)
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18
Q

developed nations

A

High proportion of older people in pop., will continue to get older

Increase in healthcare & pension costs
○ requires economy and political support

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19
Q

Median age

A

= 1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age

  • Increase in median age, # and % of seniors
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20
Q

what has played the smallest part in aging population

A

immigration

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21
Q

Immigration in first decade of 20th century accounted for __% of total population increase

A

44%
○ Most came as children or young adults
○ Helped keep population young
- high birth rates due to young immigrants

22
Q

Death rate

A

of deaths per 1,000 people in a population

23
Q

Who gained the most years in life expectancy

A

Infants
- control of childhood diseases
- better prenatal care
- improved nutrition

24
Q

primary cause of population aging

A

birth rates

25
Q

Demographic transition

A

population changes from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rate condition

26
Q

baby boom

A
  • sharp rise in fertility rate from 1946-1965 (after WWII)
  • ~3.5 kids

Canada had the loudest baby boom in the industrialized world, due to:
○ Good economy: people felt confident about the future
○ Large # of immigrants: many of child-bearing age

27
Q

what accounted for greatest changes in Canadian population

A

Baby boom & baby bust

28
Q

baby bust

A

sharp drop in fertility rate from mid-1960s +

Baby Bust due to:
○ Use of birth control pill
○ Increased participation of women in labour force

29
Q

life expectancy @65

A

M: 19
W: 22

30
Q

life expectancy @85

A

M: 6.5
W: 7.8

31
Q

T or F: The structure of the society is shaped based on economic contribution of younger individuals

A

T

32
Q

T or F: Dependency ratio is decreasing

A

F: INCREASING!!!

33
Q

benefits of an older person

A
  1. Lower crime rate
    1. Healthier lifestyle
    2. Improving economy
    3. Keeper of traditions and language
  2. Unpaid (hidden) contributions
34
Q

2016: people 65+ outnumbered children under ___

A

15

35
Q

in 2018, people 65+ made up __% of the world’s population

A

9%

36
Q

in 2018, TFFR was estimated at __

A

2.4

37
Q

by 2036, Canada will have between __ million and __million older people
(__ - __% of population)

A

9.9 and 10.9
24-26%

38
Q

canadians aged 100+ could number between _____ and _____, up from 10,000 in 2018

A

63,000 and 113,000

39
Q

when did Canada begin its demographic transition

A

around 1850 as birth rate decreased

40
Q

prospective aging

A

allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and compare 1 society at different points in time as life expectancy increases

41
Q

demographic determinism

A

demography (population dynamics) determines social relations

42
Q

2018, population 80+ totalled ____
(__% of population)

A

1.6 million
(4% of population)

43
Q

___+ age group = largest # of very old in Canada’s history

A

85

44
Q

in 2016, Canada had ___ centenarians
- women outnumbered men _ to _
- # of centenarians is projected to grow _____ by 2051

A

8,230 centenarians
- 5 to 1
- 40,000

45
Q

old age security pension

A

basic retirement income program (nearly all older people)

46
Q

guaranteed income supplement

A

income supplement for poorest older people

47
Q

allowance

A

income supplement for spouses of pensioners who receive Old Age Security pension and have combined income below a set amount

48
Q

T of F male life expectancy increased faster than female

A

F: female increased faster

49
Q

2016, ___ million women 65+ and ___ million men

A

3.2 million women, 2.7 million men

50
Q

by 2036, projected ___ million women 65+, ___ million men

A

5.4 million women, 4.9 million men

51
Q

indigenous seniors
- fertility, expectanct, senior pop.

A
  • young population (high fertility rate, lower life expectancy)
  • small senior population
52
Q

__/__seniors in 2016 had immigrated to canada from other countries

A

1/3

53
Q

___ and ___ less likely to learn/ability to speak English and French

A

recent immigrants and older women

54
Q

crude dependency ratio

A
  • based solely on # of people in each age group
  • does not address economic burden of older population
55
Q

3 stages of senior mobility

A
  1. retirement stage
    - lifestyle-related move (snowbirds)
    - freedom from needing to live near work
  2. disability stage
    - physical limitations = move closer to kids
    - amenity migration: return to locations they get care support
  3. severe disability stage
    - long-term care facility
    - move because absence of healthcare support

2711 Midterm (11 decks)

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