2: Aging Population Flashcards
Demography
the study of the size, structure (age), and distribution of human populations
Population is aging because of 3 demographic changes
- Increasing Life Expectancy
- Declining Fertility rates
- Immigration
- life expectancy
average number of years a person is PROJECTED to live
- NOT average age at the time of death
Better medical treatment
○ Lower fatality rates
Better public health, effective health promotion
○ Seat belts, smoking cessation
- epidemiological transition
life expectancy @ birth
M: 80
W: 84
Epidemiological transition
the replacement of infectious disease by chronic degenerative disease over time
- majority of the population gains reliable access to the basic material necessities of life
○ People live longer
○ Chronic disease don’t kill people quickly
- Declining Fertility rates
More developed countries = low TFR
Least developed countries = higher TFR
- Baby boom (1946-65)
- Baby bust (after 1965)
Fertility Rate vs Birth Rate
Fertility = individual measure
- Average # of live births a woman can be expected to have in her lifetime
- NOT the # of times a women gets pregnant
Birth = population measure
- Number of live births per 1000 women
4 Stages of Demographic Transition
stage 1: high fertility & mortality
- small pop. , slow growth
- + young people, - older people
stage 2: high fertility & declining mortality
- pop. grows (more children survive)
- pop. may explode and get younger
- (- )older peolpe
stage 3: declining fertility & mortality
- pop. growth levels = state of transition from young high-growth to old low-growth pop.
- + older people
stage 4: low fertility & mortality
- low pop. growth
- ++ old people
- Immigration
INCREASING dependency ratio
overall dependency ratio
pop. 0-19 + pop. 65+ // pop. 20-64
^^those who work^^
^^no economic^^
contribution
Youth dependency ratio
pop. 0-19 / pop. 20-64
Old age dependency ratio
of people age 65+ / population age 20 -64
apocalyptic demography
Treated people living longer as a burden to society
T of F Canada’s population = one of the older populations in the world
TRUE
Demographers use at least 3 measures of population aging
- # of older people in a population
- Median age of a population
- Proportion of older people in a population
T or F
Increase in # of older people (65+) will happen simultaneously as world has a decrease in children
developed, less developed, least developed regions
Developed regions: more developed countries
○ Europe, North America, Australia/New Zealand, Japan
Less developed regions: developing socio-economically
○ China, India, Brazil .etc
Least developed: 47 countries that are the poorest economically and have weak human indicators
○ Haiti, Niger, Yemen, Democratic Republic of the Congo .etc
least developed nations
High fertility rates, lower life expectancy, low % of older people
- need to support dependent children and older pop.
may need hybrid system: family support + government programs
Hardships due to rapid urbanization
The Grandmothers to Grandmothers Campaign
○ Stephen Lewis Foundation (SLF) created to support African grandmothers caring for children orphaned by AIDs
less developed nations
Declining fertility rates and rising life expectancies
- will have larger proportions of older people than ever before
- don’t have social services or economic resources to help elderly poor (developing economy)
developed nations
High proportion of older people in pop., will continue to get older
Increase in healthcare & pension costs
○ requires economy and political support
Median age
= 1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age
- Increase in median age, # and % of seniors
what has played the smallest part in aging population
immigration
Immigration in first decade of 20th century accounted for __% of total population increase
44%
○ Most came as children or young adults
○ Helped keep population young
- high birth rates due to young immigrants
Death rate
of deaths per 1,000 people in a population
Who gained the most years in life expectancy
Infants
- control of childhood diseases
- better prenatal care
- improved nutrition
primary cause of population aging
birth rates
Demographic transition
population changes from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rate condition
baby boom
- sharp rise in fertility rate from 1946-1965 (after WWII)
- ~3.5 kids
Canada had the loudest baby boom in the industrialized world, due to:
○ Good economy: people felt confident about the future
○ Large # of immigrants: many of child-bearing age
what accounted for greatest changes in Canadian population
Baby boom & baby bust
baby bust
sharp drop in fertility rate from mid-1960s +
Baby Bust due to:
○ Use of birth control pill
○ Increased participation of women in labour force
life expectancy @65
M: 19
W: 22
life expectancy @85
M: 6.5
W: 7.8
T or F: The structure of the society is shaped based on economic contribution of younger individuals
T
T or F: Dependency ratio is decreasing
F: INCREASING!!!
benefits of an older person
- Lower crime rate
- Healthier lifestyle
- Improving economy
- Keeper of traditions and language
- Unpaid (hidden) contributions
2016: people 65+ outnumbered children under ___
15
in 2018, people 65+ made up __% of the world’s population
9%
in 2018, TFFR was estimated at __
2.4
by 2036, Canada will have between __ million and __million older people
(__ - __% of population)
9.9 and 10.9
24-26%
canadians aged 100+ could number between _____ and _____, up from 10,000 in 2018
63,000 and 113,000
when did Canada begin its demographic transition
around 1850 as birth rate decreased
prospective aging
allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and compare 1 society at different points in time as life expectancy increases
demographic determinism
demography (population dynamics) determines social relations
2018, population 80+ totalled ____
(__% of population)
1.6 million
(4% of population)
___+ age group = largest # of very old in Canada’s history
85
in 2016, Canada had ___ centenarians
- women outnumbered men _ to _
- # of centenarians is projected to grow _____ by 2051
8,230 centenarians
- 5 to 1
- 40,000
old age security pension
basic retirement income program (nearly all older people)
guaranteed income supplement
income supplement for poorest older people
allowance
income supplement for spouses of pensioners who receive Old Age Security pension and have combined income below a set amount
T of F male life expectancy increased faster than female
F: female increased faster
2016, ___ million women 65+ and ___ million men
3.2 million women, 2.7 million men
by 2036, projected ___ million women 65+, ___ million men
5.4 million women, 4.9 million men
indigenous seniors
- fertility, expectanct, senior pop.
- young population (high fertility rate, lower life expectancy)
- small senior population
__/__seniors in 2016 had immigrated to canada from other countries
1/3
___ and ___ less likely to learn/ability to speak English and French
recent immigrants and older women
crude dependency ratio
- based solely on # of people in each age group
- does not address economic burden of older population
3 stages of senior mobility
- retirement stage
- lifestyle-related move (snowbirds)
- freedom from needing to live near work - disability stage
- physical limitations = move closer to kids
- amenity migration: return to locations they get care support - severe disability stage
- long-term care facility
- move because absence of healthcare support
