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2711 Midterm > 4: Physical Health & Aging > Flashcards

4: Physical Health & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

intrinsic vs extrinsic

A

Intrinsic (normal Wear & Tear)
- Variations in speed but a universal occurrence

Extrinsic (environment)
- Depends on lifestyle and contextual factors

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2
Q

Survival

A

proportion of people who are still alive after an event

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3
Q

Mortality

A

number of death in a population during a given time

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4
Q

Morbidity

A

any departure from health

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5
Q

Disability

A

reduction in capacity of function

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6
Q

Gene-environment Interactions

A

Interactions between ‘environment’ and ‘body’ throughout time
- environment and biology work together or against each other

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7
Q

critical period model

A

exposure during a specific time has lasting or lifelong effect
- ex. getting diagnosed with diabetes today

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8
Q

accumulation of risks model

A

the increase in # or duration of exposure, produces cumulative damages and thus a higher risk for disease

ex. exposed to heavy smoking for 10 years

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9
Q

chain of risk model

A

what happened in younger years led to something that produced something else

Ex. trauma led to depression which led to a lack of physical exercise which led to a decline in mobility in old age

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10
Q

Standard Measure of Disability

A
  1. SPPB: a composite measure of balance+ gait speed + rise from a chair ris
  2. Nagi: self-report of walking, lifting and handing objects
  3. LLDI: frequency of and limitations in performing mostly social activities (family, travel, going out, ….)
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11
Q

Prevention programs need to be 3

A

Targeted, feasible, accessible

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12
Q

compression of morbidity

A

severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life

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13
Q

squaring of the survival curve indicates

A

there is a finite life span that exists

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14
Q

Maximum life span

A

max # of years a member of a species can live
○ 110-125 y/o (same for past 100,000 years)

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15
Q

life expectancy

A

of years at birth an avg. member of the population can expect to live
men = 79.9 years
women = 84.1 years

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16
Q

majority of seniors report being in good health, only __% of frail, older seniors report the same

A

50%

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17
Q

chronic illness (& who has higher rates)

A

medical condition that has lasted or is expected to last 6 months & has been diagnosed by a healthcare professional
- women

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18
Q

epidemiological transition

A

the transition society makes when it moves from a high rate of acute illness to a high rate of chronic illness

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19
Q

health deficit accumulation

A

the accumulation of medical conditions, disabilities, and chronic illnesses over time as a person ages

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20
Q

prevalence of chronic disease - highest and lowest

A

Cancer = least prevalent
hyper-tension = most prevalent

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21
Q

Functional Disability

A

limitation in the performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury

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22
Q

ICF model
(International Functional Classification of Disability and Health)

A
  • relationships between pathology and disability
  • Begins with the disorder
    … condition affects physical functions, activity, & social life
  • Focuses on personal, social, and environmental
    supports
  • not every condition goes from disease -> disability
  • arrow in 2 directions = CAN recover from disability
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23
Q

activities of daily living (ADL)

A

performed daily: bathing, moving from bed to chair, dressing, using toilet, eating, walking

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24
Q

IADL = instrumental activities of daily living

A

Home management activities: using the phone, prepping meals, managing finances, shopping, housework

25
Q

activity reduction model

A

concept that PAIN makes activities such as personal care, social relations and leisure more difficult

26
Q

sense threshold

A

the points at which a person can begin to perceive a stimulus
- can increase by 30
- noticed by 60

27
Q

what are the most hazardous activities for all ages

A

bathing, showering, and getting out of tub/shower
- account for over 2/3rds of emergency visits

28
Q

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A
  • 4th leading cause of death in Canada
    • 80-90% caused by smoking
    • Perfumes, cold/ hot air can irritate the lungs
    • Poor air quality, second hand smoke pose risks
29
Q

hypokinesia

A

physical problems due to lack of movement

30
Q

3 responses can help person cope with physical decline

A
  1. change in environment
  2. improvements in technology
  3. changes in lifestyle
31
Q

computers
- more than __ seniors use home internet
- who has more access
- barriers

A
  • 1/2
  • higher levels of education and income
  • lack of familiarity, lack of training, cost
32
Q

3 things necessary for aids to be useful

A
  1. people have to KNOW about them
  2. people have to UNDERSTAND their usefulness
  3. products have to be AFFORDABLE and ACCESSIBLE
33
Q

what is one of the leading causes of disease and death

A

smoking

34
Q

___ minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is recommended

A

150 minutes per week

35
Q

changes in exercise lifestyle:

A
  • fewer days poor mental health
  • improves mental ability
  • can reverse/prevent illnesses
  • better functioning in homes and greater independence
36
Q

metabolic rate ____ with age

A

decreases

37
Q

WHO recommends what to reduce chronic illness

A
  • cut down on salt and dietary fat
  • encourage physical activity
  • encourage fruit/vegetable diet
  • stop smoking
38
Q

stress can lead to

A
  • heart disease, stroke, high BP, immune complications
  • smoking, alcohol abuse, bad diet
  • lower life satisfaction
39
Q

Disability free life expectancy

A

the years of remaining life free of any disability

40
Q

Dependence free life expectancy

A

of years of remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks

41
Q

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A

the # of years a person can expect to live in good health

42
Q

3 signs of successful aging

A
  • low chance of disease/disability
  • high mental/physical functioning
  • active social engagement
43
Q

SOC Model of Successful Aging

A

SELECT activities that OPTIMIZE their ability, and when they can no longer engage in that activity, they COMPENSATE for losses by setting new priorities

  • encourage people at any age to make most of their abilities
44
Q

seniors in highest income group were __x more likely to report better health
- who is at greatest risk

A

2x
- indigenous, immigrant, racial minorities, rural seniors

45
Q

3 links between education and health in later life:

A

i. leads people to create a healthy lifestyle
ii. gives people a sense of control over their lives, leading to healthy choices
iii. Educated parents serve as role models, encouraging children to live a healthy lifestyle

**create a lifestyle that promotes good health (diet, stress habits)

46
Q

___% women and __% men 65+ in private households reported “good,” very good,” or “excellent” health”

A

78.8% women
78.6% men

(increases with education)

47
Q

women live longer but have higher proportion of chronic illnesses like…

A

nutritional risk: (greatest risk = women living alone)

daily activity limitations (Higher than men in ALL older age groups)

overweight and obesity

osteoporosis

hypertension (greater risk of stroke in later life)

stress

cancer - differs in types

48
Q

Men had a higher rate of _____ compared to women 65+

A

diabetes

49
Q

why do more women than men report unmet needs for DAs

A

Higher proportion of widows, men usually have spouse for support

50
Q

5 conditions contribute most to ADL and IADL disability

A
  1. Foot problems
  2. arthritis
  3. cognitive impairment
  4. heart problems
  5. vision
51
Q

who showed lowest rate of smoking

A

elderly = lowest
- except 12-17 y/o

52
Q

who showed lowest rate of smoking

A

elderly = lowest
- except 12-17 y/o

53
Q

what is the #1 cause of hospitalizations besides pregnancy

A

COPD

54
Q

most comon cause of injury among seniors

A

falls

55
Q

blue zones

A

parts of the world people live the longest (don’t try, just happens)

56
Q

the power 9 (blue zones)

A
  1. Move (find ways to move mindlessly, make moving unavoidable)
  2. Plan de Vida (know your purpose in life)
  3. Down shift (work less, slow down, rest, take vacation)
  4. 80% rule (stop eating when you’re 80% full)
  5. Plant-Power (more veggies, less protein/processed food)
  6. Red wine (consistency and moderation)
  7. Belong (create a healthy social network)
  8. Beliefs (spiritual or religious participation)
  9. Your tribe (make family a priority)
57
Q

resilience

A

a positive response process to some type of challenge or adversity
○ Ability to cope with challenges and thrive - MUST have inner resources (sense of well-being .etc) and support system

58
Q

3 processes of resilience

A

i. Coping mechanisms that allow a person to meet adversity (illness, decline in ability)
ii. Comfortable life structure that meets basic and social needs
iii. Sense of purpose in life

2711 Midterm (11 decks)

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