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2711 Midterm > 5: Mental Health & Aging > Flashcards

5: Mental Health & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

women are ___ more likely to be diagnosed with dementia

A

2/3rds

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2
Q

Disability adjusted life years (DALY)

A

a measure of the burden a disease imposes on person and society

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3
Q

Brain Plasticity

A

long lasting alterations in the brain’s chemistry, grey matter, and structural connectivity in SUPPORT OF BEHAVIOR
- A lifelong developmental process
- enhance through education, stimulating lifestyle

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4
Q

How the brain develops in later life

A

1 - Reorganizes due to new info and experiences
2- Brain cells grow
3 - Emotional centres become more BALANCED with age
4 - Use both halves of the brain more equally

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5
Q

stigma

A

receiving a label, facing stereotype or discrimination, losing status

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6
Q

information processing model steps

A
  1. sensory memory: person perceives information through senses and stored as memory
  2. short term memory: info is stored temporarily while being processed
  3. long term: storehouse of info with rules for applying/organizing knowledge
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7
Q

episodic memory

A

from past, acquired at a specific time
- greater decline with age

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8
Q

hippocampus

A

gatekeeper for information

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9
Q

neurogenesis

A

the body can preserve brain cells and create new neurons and new neuronal connections at every age

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10
Q

cognitive reserve

A

exceptional mental performance when a person has to work at full mental capacity
- education
- active/stimulating lifestyle
- genetic makeup
- physically larger brain

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11
Q

stereotype threat

A

the older persons fear of failure on memory tests leads them to perform worse

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12
Q

semantic memory

A

stores factual information
- older/younger show little difference
- speeds up, faster recall with age

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13
Q

executive function

A

higher order thinking such as decision making, planning, and coordinating activity

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14
Q

cognitive control

A

more complex thinking, such as making choices among items

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15
Q

fluid intelligence

A

reasoning, abstracting, concept formation, and problem solving, relies on how well the physical and nervous systems function (ex. Stressful situation, immediate plan)

  • declines with age
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15
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

use of stored information, acculturation and learning
- Verbal tests such as vocab or historical events; numerical skill problems

  • can improve with age
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16
Q

5 criteria of wisdom

A
  1. Store factual info about human nature
  2. Knowledge about handling life’s problems
  3. Awareness of life’s contexts and how they change over the life span
  4. Understanding the relativism of values and tolerance for others
  5. Understanding how to deal with uncertainty
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17
Q

relativistic thinking

A

aware that context effects knowledge and understanding

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18
Q

dualistic thinking

A

ability to suspend judgement while trying to resolve contradictions, the ability to hold manually exclusive ideas in the mind at the same time

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19
Q

systematic thinking

A

ability to take a broad view of a situation or system of knowledge

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20
Q

wise and creative people reported higher life satisfaction. This came from ____

A

empathy towards others

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21
Q

Constant-probability-of-success model

A

the ratio of quality works to total works produced during a career stays the same at every stage of the career

  • people can produce good and bad works at any age
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22
Q

functional disorders

A

psychological problems interfering with how a person functions
- may have no apparent cause
(paranoia, anxiety, neuroses, schizophrenia)

23
Q

organic disorders

A

can enter old age already with existing developmental disability (down syndrome) or can develop it. (Alzheimer’s)
- Developmental disabilities and intellectual disabilities
- Lead to confusion, forgetfulness, antisocial

24
Q

intellectual disabilities (ID)

A

disorders that lead to limited mental capacity and problems with daily activities (managing money and social interaction)

  • autism and cerebral palsy
25
Q

developmental disability

A

significant impairment in mental ability present at birth or acquired in childhood/adolescence
(down syndrome)

26
Q

Bill-233

A
  • The bill requires public health officials in the provinces and territories to develop and implement a national strategy to address all aspects of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia
27
Q

The 3 D’s of psychological distress

A

Delirium: acute confusional state
- risk = underlying medical disorder (UTI, meds)
Depression: sad, helpless, irritable
- risk = after a stroke (25-30%)
Dementia: progressive cognitive impairment

28
Q

competency

A

ability to understand information that applies to a decision, think about consequences of the decision, and communicate decision

  • legal term
  • may request assessment of capacity to gain legal guardianship
  • competency should rest both on what a person can do and mental ability
29
Q

capacity

A

clinical term that refers to the person’s ability to function

  • exists on a continuum from high function to severely impaired
  • One is assumed to possess decision-making capacity until there is contrary evidence
  • whether a person should lose his/her legal rights based on their ability to make a decision
30
Q

mental disorder definition

A

BROAD RANGE of medical conditions marked primarily by SUFFICIENT DISORGANIZATION of personality, mind, or emotions to IMPAIR NORMAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONINGand cause marked distress or disability and that are typically associated with a disruption in normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, interpersonal interactions, or daily functioning

31
Q

depression in adults

A
  • rates are generally lower
  • Symptoms of depression in older adults are often underrecognized, underreported and undertreated
32
Q

_____ people in Canada lived with dementia in 2020 (___% women)

A

597,000 people
61.8% women

33
Q

projected number people in Canada to be living with dementia in 2030

A

955,900

34
Q

__ in __ Canadians have experience caring for someone living with dementia

A

1 in 5

35
Q

speed of __ is slower in older adults

A

encoding: linking new information with already stored information
- awareness of old info stays intact

36
Q

T or F People show a better mental performance in everyday life when compared with lab studies

A

T Studies in labs have poor ecological validity (transferability of info from lab to life)

37
Q

7 risk factors of dementia

A
  1. obesity
  2. diabetes
  3. hypertension
  4. depression
  5. inactivity
  6. smoking
  7. low education
38
Q

non-episodic memory

A

oriented toward present/future - no reference to time
- learned skills through practice (driving) or general knowledge

  • little - no decline with age
39
Q

working memory

A

where recently acquired info is manipulated and processed while being temporarily stored
- decline increases in old age

40
Q

MRI and PET

A

MRI - non-invasive study
PET - see loss of grey and white matter

41
Q

brain plasticity/flexibility points to a ____ ______ ____

A

mental reserve capacity: ability to buffer changes from normal aging process and cope with damage from diseases

42
Q

__(6)__ is most sensitive to aging
…..but ____ is preserved

A
  • episodic memory
  • executive function
  • attention
  • processing speed
  • fluid intelligence
  • working memory

preserved: language ability, semantic memory

43
Q

developmental intelligence

A

growth of wisdom in later life

44
Q

of Canadians with dementia projected to grow to ___ million by 2031

A

1 million

45
Q

preventative measures of dementia

A
  • healthy diet
  • aerobic activity
  • active social life
  • intellectual activity
46
Q

3 stages of decline Alzheimer’s

A

1: first show changes in memory (items, recent events)
○ Forgetfulness gets worse overtime, takes longer to do simple jobs, rechecks work

2: more memory decline, loss of speaking, end to normal daily activity
○ Wander at night, lose control of bowel/bladder, threaten others
○ additional stress on family - take on new role as caregivers

3: needs institutionalization and often 24 hour nursing care
○ Can no longer speak or communicate
○ Wander and move unless restrained, seizures may occur
Death may occur between 2-19 years after disease starts

47
Q

4 patterns of psychological aging

A
  1. Successful aging (super-normal)
    - small subgroup with SES or genetic
    advantage
    - Continue developing through mid-life,
    reaching peak @late middle age
    - High mental functioning until shortly before
    death
  2. Normal aging
    - mental peak in early mid-life until 50s-early
    60s
    - Decline through early 80s, dramatic
    decline years before death
    - 1st group reaches high level of mental
    development, maintain despite physical frailty
    - 2nd group reach lower level of function in mid-
    life, may need more support in old age
  3. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): “unsuccessful aging”
    - begin greater than normal mental decline
    @early old age
    - Loss of memory, planning, scheduling
    - Some develop dementia, others maintain
    stable level of low function

Dementia:
- dramatic decline in mental function
- Typically has a physical cause (brain lesion,
disease)
- Alzheimer’s disease = most common cause of
dementia

48
Q

Prospective memory

A

ability to remember something to be done in the future
○ Elderly outperform younger people

49
Q

Grandma Hypothesis

A

wisdom promotes fitness of the species
○ Wise elderly enhance their children’s
health, well-being, fertility
○ Seeking good for oneself and others

50
Q

3rd places

A

Seniors often turn to the 3rd place to experience feelings of happiness
○ Cafes, bookstores, bars, hair salons
○ Allow people to gather informally outside
the home and workplace

51
Q

DDs ….

A
  • Frequently age prematurely
  • Rarely have children/spouse to provide support
  • Rarely have a pension, savings, personal economic resources
52
Q

Intellectual disabilities have a high rate for ___

A

DEMENTIA

53
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

helps people think positive thoughts and engage in positive behavior

- Shows some of the strongest effects in reducing depression
54
Q

what type of dementia occurs after a stroke

A

vascular dementia
- memory loss, confusion, and mood changes

55
Q

people in the community with Alzheimer’s disease on average lose __ functional ability every two months

A

1
early stage: lose instrumental activities of daily living (driving, banking, dressing themselves)

middle and later: lose activities of daily living abilities (bathing, dressing, or toileting)

2711 Midterm (11 decks)

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