Week 8 Preventative health and performance enhancement Flashcards
what the different types of preventative heatlhcare
Primary
secondary and tertiary
what is primary preventative healthcare
prior to detectable abnormal function
Lifestyle: diet, exercise, smoking
immunisation,education, genetic testing
disease vectors control
what is secondary preventative health care
Abnormal function detectable but symptomless
hypertension, blood sugar, cancer screening
what is tertiary preventative healthcare
patient displays symptoms; diagnosis is made
reduce impact: brief intervention (surgery)
long term management (hypertension medication)
performance enhancement
physical performance: strength. endurance, cognitive, diuretic
and
cognitive performance also termed smart drugs or nootropics
types of primary preventative healthcare
diet: carbohydrates,protein, lipids, insoluble fibre, vitamins, minerals
antioxidants
fatty acids
plant sterols (phytoseterols)
sulphur-containing compounds glucosiolates
antioxidants
terpenoid antioxidants
anything green zeaxanthin
lycopene with tomatoes
phenolic antioxidants curcumin (phenolic)
tumeric
ellagitannin (polyphenols) raspbery
fatty acids
synthesised via the polyketide pathway
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid)
palmitic acid - oil palm
oleic acid - olive oil high fat, low cardiovascular disease
Phytosterols
c18-c30 terpenoids and their saturated derivatives stanols
used for cholesterol-loweering therapy
how does phytosterol and cholesterol methabolism work
low density lipoprotein (LDL) choleterol is associated with increased heart disease and stroke.
2 preventation: lowering LDL cholesterol is an important health prioprity for individuals at risk for these conditions.
suggestion for cholesterol metabolism
2 g d^-1 of phytosterols provide patients with clinically relevant reductions in circulatiing toal and LDL cholesterol levels.
omnivore and vegetarian diets typically provide 250 mg and 00 mg of phytosterols.
mode of action of phytosterol
reduce adsorption and reduce total available pool size of cholesterol.
dynamic competition
can cause hepatic cholesterol synthesis to increase.
glucosinolates
they are sulphur containing glycosides
used to treat goitre as they are considered goitrogenic.
there is an inverse correlation between intake of brassicas and the risk for several types of cancer.
what is the breakdown product of broccoli
sulforaphane which is the breakdown product of 4-methylsulfinyl butyl glucosinolates cancer preventive effect in broccoli.
glucosinolates reactivity
is cell death, the carbon atom of the isothiocyanate is highly electrophilic and reacts with amines,thiols and hydroxyls
the reaction with thoil groups is 10^3 to 10^4 times faster.
glutathione is the most abundant thiol-containing antioxidant
glucosinolates-chemopreventatives
subdivided into three phases: initiation, pomotion and progression
isothiocynates interfere with all three stages of cancer development.
how do isothiocyanates display their inhibtory effect
blocking initiation on phase-I cytochrome P450 enzymes. the effect is mediated by combination of transcriptional repression and direct inhibition of their catalytic activates.
Physical barriers
pathogens; Terpenes (latex)
natural latex
Secondary Preventative heathcare
symtomless: not aware of effect
Early detection: coronary heart disease; hypertension
stroke
type II diabetes: impaired glucose tolerance.
Hypertension
- ACE inhibitors
- diuretics
- vasodilation
ace inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increase blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to II. this constricts blood vessels
plant derived medicine hypertension
angiotensin- converting-enzyme ace inhibitors:
Hibiscus sabdariffa
antioxidant, anti-inflammarory
anthocyanins
plant derived diuretics
xanthines inhibit Na+ reabsorption and increase filtration rate
so
caffenine
theophylline
theobromine
plant derived vasodilators
vasodilation is the alternative approach to the relief of hypertension. cGMP causes smooth muscle to relax
theobromine papaverine
Rauvolfia serpentia (indian snakeroot) reserpine irreversibly block sthe vesicular monoamine transporter.
Tertiary preventative healthcare
reduce impact with either surgery or long term management
what is actinic keratosis
is a pre-cancerous section o fthick,scaly or custy skin
may turn into squamous cell carcinoma
Ingenol mebutate is the active constituent
Muscle Mass
aromatase inhibitors
aromatase converts androgens to estrogen
resveratrol flavanoids
creatine: decrsae myostatin and increase androgens and incrase insulin like growth factor I
Oxygen transport
Increase erythrocyte production
Hypoxia induced factors (HIF)
transcription factors for erythropoietin. HIF inactivated by HIF prolyl-Hydroxylase
HIF-PH I ihibitors allow HIF accumulation.
Stimulants and pain tolerance
Stimulants: increase alertness, mood, reduce appetite and trigger release of endogenous opiates.
there is erythroxylum coca main constituent is benzoylmethylecgonin (cocaine)
duboisia hopwoodii give nicotine.
Sedatives
most are GABAergic
such as chamolmile
Catnip
Kava
Neuroprotective
Brahmi; increase acetylcholine levels and increase cerebral blood flow
synaptic plasticity
Long term potentiation: long lasting enchancement of signal transmission between to nerouns via a synapse.
Synaptic plasticity
changes in neuronal connections are important in learning and memory
with glutamate are the natural agonists of these receptors.
