Week 8 Preventative health and performance enhancement

Question 1

what the different types of preventative heatlhcare

Answer 1

Primary
secondary and tertiary

Question 2

what is primary preventative healthcare

Answer 2

prior to detectable abnormal function
Lifestyle: diet, exercise, smoking
immunisation,education, genetic testing
disease vectors control

Question 3

what is secondary preventative health care

Answer 3

Abnormal function detectable but symptomless
hypertension, blood sugar, cancer screening

Question 4

what is tertiary preventative healthcare

Answer 4

patient displays symptoms; diagnosis is made
reduce impact: brief intervention (surgery)
long term management (hypertension medication)

Question 5

performance enhancement

Answer 5

physical performance: strength. endurance, cognitive, diuretic
and
cognitive performance also termed smart drugs or nootropics

Question 6

types of primary preventative healthcare

Answer 6

diet: carbohydrates,protein, lipids, insoluble fibre, vitamins, minerals
antioxidants
fatty acids
plant sterols (phytoseterols)
sulphur-containing compounds glucosiolates

Question 7

antioxidants

Answer 7

terpenoid antioxidants
anything green zeaxanthin
lycopene with tomatoes
phenolic antioxidants curcumin (phenolic)
tumeric
ellagitannin (polyphenols) raspbery

Question 8

fatty acids

Answer 8

synthesised via the polyketide pathway
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid)
palmitic acid - oil palm
oleic acid - olive oil high fat, low cardiovascular disease

Question 9

Phytosterols

Answer 9

c18-c30 terpenoids and their saturated derivatives stanols
used for cholesterol-loweering therapy

Question 10

how does phytosterol and cholesterol methabolism work

Answer 10

low density lipoprotein (LDL) choleterol is associated with increased heart disease and stroke.
2 preventation: lowering LDL cholesterol is an important health prioprity for individuals at risk for these conditions.

Question 11

suggestion for cholesterol metabolism

Answer 11

2 g d^-1 of phytosterols provide patients with clinically relevant reductions in circulatiing toal and LDL cholesterol levels.
omnivore and vegetarian diets typically provide 250 mg and 00 mg of phytosterols.

Question 12

mode of action of phytosterol

Answer 12

reduce adsorption and reduce total available pool size of cholesterol.
dynamic competition
can cause hepatic cholesterol synthesis to increase.

Question 13

glucosinolates

Answer 13

they are sulphur containing glycosides
used to treat goitre as they are considered goitrogenic.
there is an inverse correlation between intake of brassicas and the risk for several types of cancer.

Question 14

what is the breakdown product of broccoli

Answer 14

sulforaphane which is the breakdown product of 4-methylsulfinyl butyl glucosinolates cancer preventive effect in broccoli.

Question 14

glucosinolates reactivity

Answer 14

is cell death, the carbon atom of the isothiocyanate is highly electrophilic and reacts with amines,thiols and hydroxyls
the reaction with thoil groups is 10^3 to 10^4 times faster.
glutathione is the most abundant thiol-containing antioxidant

Question 15

glucosinolates-chemopreventatives

Answer 15

subdivided into three phases: initiation, pomotion and progression
isothiocynates interfere with all three stages of cancer development.

Question 16

how do isothiocyanates display their inhibtory effect

Answer 16

blocking initiation on phase-I cytochrome P450 enzymes. the effect is mediated by combination of transcriptional repression and direct inhibition of their catalytic activates.

Question 17

Physical barriers

Answer 17

pathogens; Terpenes (latex)
natural latex

Question 18

Secondary Preventative heathcare

Answer 18

symtomless: not aware of effect
Early detection: coronary heart disease; hypertension
stroke
type II diabetes: impaired glucose tolerance.

Question 19

Hypertension

Answer 19

1. ACE inhibitors
2. diuretics
3. vasodilation

ace inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) increase blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to II. this constricts blood vessels

Question 20

plant derived medicine hypertension

Answer 20

angiotensin- converting-enzyme ace inhibitors:

Hibiscus sabdariffa
antioxidant, anti-inflammarory
anthocyanins

Question 21

plant derived diuretics

Answer 21

xanthines inhibit Na+ reabsorption and increase filtration rate
so
caffenine
theophylline
theobromine

Question 22

plant derived vasodilators

Answer 22

vasodilation is the alternative approach to the relief of hypertension. cGMP causes smooth muscle to relax
theobromine papaverine
Rauvolfia serpentia (indian snakeroot) reserpine irreversibly block sthe vesicular monoamine transporter.

Question 23

Tertiary preventative healthcare

Answer 23

reduce impact with either surgery or long term management

Question 24

what is actinic keratosis

Answer 24

is a pre-cancerous section o fthick,scaly or custy skin
may turn into squamous cell carcinoma
Ingenol mebutate is the active constituent

Question 25

Muscle Mass

Answer 25

aromatase inhibitors
aromatase converts androgens to estrogen
resveratrol flavanoids

creatine: decrsae myostatin and increase androgens and incrase insulin like growth factor I

Question 26

Oxygen transport

Answer 26

Increase erythrocyte production
Hypoxia induced factors (HIF)
transcription factors for erythropoietin. HIF inactivated by HIF prolyl-Hydroxylase
HIF-PH I ihibitors allow HIF accumulation.

Question 27

Stimulants and pain tolerance

Answer 27

Stimulants: increase alertness, mood, reduce appetite and trigger release of endogenous opiates.
there is erythroxylum coca main constituent is benzoylmethylecgonin (cocaine)
duboisia hopwoodii give nicotine.

Question 28

Sedatives

Answer 28

most are GABAergic
such as chamolmile
Catnip
Kava

Question 29

Neuroprotective

Answer 29

Brahmi; increase acetylcholine levels and increase cerebral blood flow

Question 30

synaptic plasticity

Answer 30

Long term potentiation: long lasting enchancement of signal transmission between to nerouns via a synapse.
Synaptic plasticity
changes in neuronal connections are important in learning and memory
with glutamate are the natural agonists of these receptors.