Week 7 Treatment of diseases and disorders

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

is infectious such as a virus, bacteria, fungi, parasite or
non infections, cancer, diabetes cardiovascular

Question 2

Disease, Disorder or Syndrome?

Answer 2

disease: condition which impairs normal function,
disorder: a polite word for disease or illness- usually non infectious diseases
medical condition: polite word for disease or illness
Syndrome: a specific set of signs and symptoms

Question 2

Virus

Answer 2

Genome may be DNA or RNA. genome encapsidated within a coat of protein
may also have a lipid envelope

Question 3

what is the viral life cycle

Answer 3

Attachment: binding between viral capsid proteins and receptors of host cell surface.
Penetration: virions enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis
Uncoating: process in which the viral capsid is removed
Replication: syntheis of viral mRNA,
Assemly: viral protein modification
Release: viruses released from host cell by lysis

Question 4

Natural Antivirals

Answer 4

attachment, this is explained by the HIV inhibtitation by targeting HIB glycoproteions by using Carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs)

Question 5

How does HIV work

Answer 5

HIV enters cells via an interaction of gp120 with the cellular receptor CD4 and the co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4
insertion of gp41 into the cellular.

Question 6

Bacteria

Answer 6

either gram positve or gram negative which differs with the peptidoglycan layer which is present in the gram positive bacteria

Question 7

testing bacteria

Answer 7

gram stain test, gram poistive will be died violet while gram negative is a red or pink colour

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

can be unicellular or multicellular
fungal cell walls contain chitin, rather than cellulose
ergosterol is a sterol found in the cell membranesof these fungi.

Question 9

natural antifungals are

Answer 9

echinocandin B glucan synthase inhibitor which makes up the cell wall.

Question 10

Protists

Answer 10

also known as protozoa are diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes.

Question 11

Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 11

causes malaria and almost every malarial death is caused by P.falciparm. treat with artemisinin derivatives which is isolated from sweet wormwood. synthesised via the mevalonate pathway.

Question 12

trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 12

chagas disease, spread by insects
inital symptoms are either absent or mild with fever headaches or swelling. heart failure possible.

Question 13

Neoplasm

Answer 13

cancer : failure to control cell division.
genetic:dna damage
multiple failures are required to causes cancer

Question 14

Chemotherapy

Answer 14

Alkylating agents
 Plant alkaloids
 Antitumor antibiotics
 Antimetabolite
 Miscellaneous antineoplastics

Question 15

Alkylating agents

Answer 15

cancer cells generally proliferate faster and wtih reduced capacity to repair DNA damage than healthy cells.
Mustard gas derivatives:
mechlorethamine, myclophosphamide,
and chlorambucil
 Ethylenimines: thiotepa and
hexamethylmelamine
 Alkylsulfonates: busulfan
 Hydrazines and Triazines: altretamine,
procarbazine, and temozolomide
 Nitrosureas: carmustine, lomustine, and
streptozocin.
 Nitrosureas are unique because they can
cross the blood-brain barrier and are
particularly useful in treating brain tumors
 Metal salts: carboplatin, cisplatin, and
oxaliplatin

Question 16

Plant Alkaloids

Answer 16

Vinblastine : periwinkle plant
taxanes ; paclitaxel derived from pacific yew tree
these are antimicrotuble agents. microtubles are major components of cytoskeleton so the mitosis is inhibited.

Question 17

Podophyllotoxins and camptothean analogs

Answer 17

are known as topoisomerase inhibitors are used in certain chemotherapy.
torsion on double helix, topoisomerases are enzymes required to relax tension torsion in DNA