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functional neuroanatomy > week 8 - hypothalamus > Flashcards

week 8 - hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located in relation to the thalamus?

A

ventral and anterior

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3
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

paired small nucleus - weight 4g in relation to brain w 1.4 kg

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4
Q

What are nuclei?

A

cluster of neurons in CNS, neurons in one nucleus usually have roughly similar connections and functions

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5
Q

Name the boundaries of the hypothalamus

A

superior: hypothalamic sulcus separating it form the thalamus
inferior: optic chasm, tuber cinereum, mammillary bodies
anterior: lamina terminals
posterior: tegmenjtum of midbrain
medial: third ventricle
lateral: internal capsule

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6
Q

define the hypothalamus?

A

primary regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions
produces hormones that regulate different behaviours

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7
Q

give an example of an endocrine control of the hypothalamus

A

oxytocin release controls feeding behaviours

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8
Q

give an example of an autonomic control of the hypothalamus

A

thermoregulation

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9
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • stress reaction via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating
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10
Q

Give examples of homeostatic processes controlled by the hypothalamus

A
  • respiration
  • circulation
  • food-water intake
  • digestion
  • metabolism
  • body temp
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11
Q

Why is a functional hypothalamus important?

A

harmonious growth of the body, differentiation of sexual characteristics, sexual and reproductive activities

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12
Q

Name the three regional subdivisions of the hypothalamus visible int he sagittal plane

A

anterior (subraoptic), middle (tuberal), posterior (mammillary)

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13
Q

name the three regional subdivisions of the hypothalamus in the coronal plane

A

lateral, medial, periventricular

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14
Q

name the location and function of the suprachiasmatic nuclei

A

medial, anterior
biological rhythms such as sleep

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15
Q

name the location and function of the ventromedial nuclei

A

medial, tuberal
appetite, body weight insulin regulation

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16
Q

name the location and function of the lateral nuclei

A

lateral, tuberal
appetite and body weight control

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17
Q

define the term afferent

A

conduct inwards or towards something eg. nerves, CNS, blood vessels, organ

18
Q

define the term efferent

A

conduct outwards, away from something eg. nerves, CNS, blood vessels, organ
-> efferent neurons carry impulse outwards to effector organs

19
Q

Describe the afferent connections of the hypothalamus

A

formic - fibre track going from hippocampus to hypothalamus
stria terminalis - fibre track from amygdala
olfactory bulb
retina
spinal cord

20
Q

name the four types of afferent connection

A
  1. somatic and visceral
  2. visual
  3. Olfaction
  4. auditory
  5. corticohypothalamic fibres
  6. hippocampo-hypothalamic fibres
  7. amygdala-hypothalamic fibres
  8. thalami-hypothalamic fibres
  9. tegmental fibres
21
Q

describe the route of somatic and visceral afferents

A
  • general somatic, gustatory and visceral sensations reach the hypothalamus through collateral branches of the lemniascal afferent fibres and the tracts solitaries and through the reticular formation
22
Q

describe the route of visual afferents

A

leave optic chaise and pass to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

23
Q

describe the route of olfactory afferents

A

travel through the medial forebrain bundle

24
Q

describe the route of the auditory afferents

A

have not been identified, but since auditory stimuli can influence activities of hypothalamus, they must exist

25
Q

describe the route of the corticohypothalamic fibres

A

arise form the frontal lobe of the cerebral Cortex and pass directly to the hypothalamus

26
Q

describe the route of the hippocampo-hypothalamic fibres

A

pass form hippocampus through fornix to the mammilary body

27
Q

describe the route of the amygdala-hypothalamic fibres

A

pass through amygdaloid complex to hypothalamus through stria terminals by a route that passes inferior to lentiform nucleus

28
Q

describe the route of the thalami hypothalamic fibres

A

arise form dorsomedial and midline thalamic nuclei

29
Q

Where do tefmental fibres arise from?

A

midbrain

30
Q

What connections has the forinx?

A

afferent and efferent connections between the hippocampus and hypothalamus

31
Q

what connections has the stria terminalis?

A

afferent and efferent connections between amygdala and hypothalamus

32
Q

Describe the efferent connections of the hypothalamus

A
  1. descending fibres to brainstem and spinal cord
  2. mammilothalmic tract
  3. mammillotegmental tract
  4. multiple pathways to limbic system
33
Q

describe the course of the descending fibres to the brainstem and spinal cord

A
  • descending fibres to brainstem and spinal cord influence the peripheral neurons of ANS
  • descend through series of enurons in reticular formation
  • connected to parasympathetic nuclei of CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10
  • reticulospinal fibres connect hypothalamus with sympathetic cells of origin in lateral grey horns of first thoracic segment to second lumbar segment of spinal cord and sacral parasympathetic outflow at level of second, third, fourth sacral segments of spinal cord
34
Q

describe the course of the mammillothalimc tract

A

arises in maxillary body, terminates in anterior nucleus of thalamus, pathway relayed to cingulate gyrus

35
Q

describe the course of the mammillotegmental tract

A

arises form mammilary body and terminates in cells of reticular formation in tegmenjtum of the midbrain

36
Q

Explain afferent and efferent connections of the mammillary nucleus

A
  • hypothalamus = output of limbic system
  • mammilary body receiving nucleus form hippocampus via fornix
  • mammillary body is an efferent connection to thalamus, from thalamus there is an efferent connection to cingulate cortex
  • lots o limbic system integration occurs in cingulate cortex
37
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus in terms of lesions?

A

temperature regulation
food intake
sleep-wake cycle
emotions
water balance

38
Q

What does an anterior lesion of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

hyperthermia
insomnia
diabetes insipidus

39
Q

what does a posterior lesion of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

hypothermia
hypersomnia

40
Q

what does a ventromedial nucleus lesion of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

excessive eating - hyperphagia
emotions - rage

41
Q

What does the lateral lesion of the hypothalamus lead to?

A

reducing eating - hypophagia

42
Q

describe the circadian regulation if melatonin production

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus = pacemaker involving intermediolateral nuclei in spinal cord, superior cervical ganglion and input form eye
  • control production and release of melatonin in pineal gland
  • SCN sets pace and release hormones

functional neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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