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functional neuroanatomy > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the origins of autonomic parasympathetic nerves?

A

Craniosacral

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2
Q

Name the barriers of the CNS

A

-bony structures (vertebrae protection)
-meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)
Barriers via external and internal chemical (CSF, blood-brain barrier)

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3
Q

Between which two meningeal layers does blood gill in a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Arachnoid and pia

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4
Q

List the vasculature of the spinal cord

A
  • 1 anterior spinal
  • 2 posterior spinal
  • radicular arteries
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5
Q

How is the spinal cord secured in the middle of the bony vertebrae?

A

Via arachnoid trabeculae and denticulate ligaments

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6
Q

Describe the organisation of spinal nerves

A

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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7
Q

At what level of vertebrates does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/L2

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8
Q

Do spinal cord segments and corresponding vertebrae align?

A

NO

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9
Q

Describe the end of the spinal cord with their specific terms

A

Conus medullaris (termination of spinal cord L1/L2) -> cauda equina -> filum terminale -> subarachnoid space

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10
Q

Brachial movement is innervated by motor neuron tracts extending form which region of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical

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11
Q

Describe the internal organisation of the spinal cord

A

White matter tracts surround inner H-shaped grey matter

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12
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Areas containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, connecting axons and synapses, supporting glia

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13
Q

What does white matter contain ?

A

Bundles of axons

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14
Q

Out of how many zones does the rexed laminae consist of?

A

10

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15
Q

What is the function of laminae 1-6?

A

Dorsal horn - receives sensory information and is involved in its processing

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16
Q

What is the function of lamina 7?

A

Intermediate zone - contains cell groups for sensory-motor integration, visceral sensory anf autonomic preganglionic motor nuclei at thoracic and sacral levels

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17
Q

What is the function of lamina 8 and 9?

A

Ventral horn - containing motor and interneurons and lower motor neurons

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18
Q

What is the function of lamina 10?

A

Central zone - interneurons, somatosensory and visceral processing

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19
Q

what kind of processing happens in the dorsal horn?

A

Somatosensory

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20
Q

Describe where the inputs into the dorsal horn go to

A

C, A-delta -> 1,2
A-beta afferents -> 3,4
Mixed inputs -> 5
Proprioceptive -> 6

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21
Q

Are a-delta fibres afferent or efferent and what type are they?

A

Afferent, sensory

22
Q

Are C fibres afferent r efferent and what type are they ?

A

Afferent, motor+ sensory

23
Q

Are a-beta fibres afferent or efferent and what type are they ?

A

Both, sensory and motor

24
Q

Describe the relation of the dorsal horn to pain

A
  • nociceptive afferents (C+A) input to laminae 1,2,5
  • interneuron processing in lamina 2 (substantia gelatinosa) modulates sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli
25
Q

What neurons are in the lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord?

A

Pregagnglionic sympathetic neurons (motor)

26
Q

What is contained in the ventral horn?

A
  • somatic motor neurons in ventral horn somatotopically arranged
27
Q

What is innervated by medially located neurons in the ventral horn?

A

Axial musculature

28
Q

What is innervated by laterally located neurons in the ventral horn?

A

Limbs

29
Q

grey matter summary

A

Lateral horn - contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons: efferent output to sympathetic ganglia which innervate muscle and glands

Dorsal horn - afferent input from skin and muscle

Ventral horn - contains motor neurons - efferent output to skeletal muscle

30
Q

Which type of neural fiber receive afferent autonomic input at the dorsal horn

A

B

31
Q

Describe the organisation of white matter

A
  • dorsal column
  • lateral column
  • ventral column
32
Q

What two tracts are there aiding communication between the spinal cord and the brain?

A
  • ascending
  • descending
33
Q

Where are the ascending tracts in the white matter?

A

Dorsal columns

34
Q

What two ascending tracts are there?

A
  • spinocerebellar tracts
  • spinothalamic tracts
35
Q

What kind of info is carried in afferents ascending dorsal columns?

A

Proprioceptive (limb position, movement and force), discriminative touch

36
Q

How is proprioceptive and discriminative touch information carried in afferents ascending in the dorsal column brought to the cerebral cortex and conscious perception ?

A
  • mechanoreceptor afferents
  • dorsal column nucleus
  • ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
37
Q

Whats the pathway called going through the dorsal column?

A

Medial lemniscus pathway

38
Q

Describe the spinothalamic tract

A
  • carries information about pain, innocuous temperature
  • three neurons bring information to conscious perception
    1. Primary afferent synapses in lamina 1,5 of dorsal horn
    2. 2nd order spinal projection neuron
    3. 3rd order ventral posterior nucleus
39
Q

Where do descending tracts arise?

A

Cerebral cortex and brainstem

40
Q

What do descending tracts do ?

A

Control movement, muscle tone, spinal refelxes, autonomic functions, sensory transmission

41
Q

What does the corticospinal tract do?

A

Movement - prinicpal motor control pathway

42
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Upper limb flexor muscles

43
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tracts do?

A

Msucle tone

44
Q

What does the reticulospinal tracts do ?

A

Voluntary movement, reflexes

45
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A
  • motor cortex - precentral gyrus - and related cortices
46
Q

Describe the course of motor neurons in the corticospinal tract

A
  • cortical axons travel via posterior limb of internal capsule through ventral part of brainstem
  • axons directly synapse on motor neurons and also with interneurons within the ventral horn
47
Q

Describe the fasciculus gracilis

A
  • from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia
  • large-diameter afferents
  • below T6 to ipsilateral nucleus gracilis
  • touch and position info from ipsilateral leg
48
Q

Describe the fasciculus cuneatus

A
  • from ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia
  • large diameter afferents
  • above T6
  • to ipsilateral nuclues cuneatus
  • touch and position information from ipsilateral arm
49
Q

Describe the lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • from contralateral motor cortex to motor neurons and interneurons
  • voluntary movement
50
Q

Describe the spinothalamic tract

A
  • from contralateral posterior horn to thalamus
  • pain and temp and some touch info from contralateral half of the body
51
Q

Columns of white matter recap

A

ventral column - contains spinothalamic tract
Lateral horn - contains cerebrospinal tract
Dorsal column - contains medial lemniscus (DCML) tract from fasciculus gracilis (arm) and fasciculus cuneatus (leg)

52
Q

Which ascending tract delivers unconscious proprioception information

A

Spinocerebellar

functional neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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