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functional neuroanatomy > Week 8 - cerebellum > Flashcards

Week 8 - cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

prominent hindbrain structure - one of the most recognisable regions of the brain due to its shape and location

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2
Q

What are folia?

A

gyro formations of the cerebellum

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • detects differences in motor error
  • aids motor cortex in producing accurate and smooth movements by modulating and refining motor cortex commands using feedback form proprioceptors and other sensory organs
  • involved in sensorimotor coordination
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4
Q

name the three lobes the cerebellum can be anatomically divided into

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • flocculonodular lobe
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5
Q

Does the cerebellum initiate movement?

A

no - detects differences in motor error between an intended movement and the actual movement

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6
Q

is the cerebellum of a cow longer than of a human?

A

yes

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7
Q

What are the major components of the cerebellum?

A
  • cerebelar cortex
  • deeper cerebellar nuclei
  • cerebellar peduncles
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8
Q

Subdivide the cerebellar cortex into its three functional zones based on differences in their sources of input

A
  1. cerebrocerebellum
  2. spinocerebellum
  3. vestibulocerebellum
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9
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum comprise?

A

most lateral cerebellar hemisphere
largest subdivision

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10
Q

What does the spinocerebellum comprise of?

A
  • comprises anterior lobe and vermis
  • occupies median and paramedic zone of cerebellar hemispheres
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11
Q

What does the vestibulocerebellum comprise of?

A
  • caudal inferior lobes include
  • flocculus and nodulus
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12
Q

From what areas does the cerebrocerebellum receive its inputs?

A

indirectly from the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

regulating highly skilled movements initiated by the motor cortex eg. speech, voluntary movement of arms and hands, hand eye coordination

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14
Q

From what areas does the spinocerebellum receive its inputs?

A

directly form the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

regulation of muscle tone and movement of distal muscles eg. arm and legs

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16
Q

From what areas does the vestibulocerebellum receive its inputs?

A

from vestibular nuclei in brainstem and processes vestibular information

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17
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

regulation of the vestibule-ocular reflex - ensure stability of gaze, and movements maintaining posture and balance of the head and body

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18
Q

name the three deep cerebellar nuclei

A
  • dentate, interposed, fastigial nucleus
19
Q

Where are all in/out puts to the cerebellar cortex relayed to?

A
  • doesn’t have ires input form or output to rest of brain, all in/outputs relayed through deep cerebellar nuclei
20
Q

name the three cerebellar peduncles

A

superior, middle, inferior

21
Q

what is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

make connections between the cerebellum and other parts of the nervous system

22
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle comprise?

A

output fires projecting form deep cerebellar nuclei to midbrain structures (eg. primary motor cortex)

23
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle comprise?

A

comprises input fibres projecting to the cerebellum largely from base of the pons

24
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle comprise?

A

comprises input fibres projecting to the cerebellum from the spinal cord and vestibular nuclei

25
Q

From what three regions does the cerebellum receive projections?

A

cerebral cortex
sensory pathways (spinal cord)
Brian stem

26
Q

Where do projections form the cerebral cortex go to in the cerebellum?

A
  • largest input
  • cortical input going to cerebrocerebellum
27
Q

Do cortical axons project directly into the cerebellum?

A

no - synapse on nucleus in pons (pontine nucleus) located on same side of brainstem as hemisphere of origin
axons of pontine are transverse pontine fibres, cross midline and enter cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle

28
Q

How do sensory pathways project to the cerebellum?

A
  • vestibular axons from 8th CN and axons form vestibular nuclei in medulla project to vesibulocerebellum
  • relay neurons in dorsal nucleus of Clarke in spinal coord + external cuneate nucleus of caudal medulla send their axons to spino-cerebellum
29
Q

How does the brainstem project to the cerebellum?

A
  • receives modulatory input form inferior olivary nucleus in brainstem from structures such as cerebral cortex and red nucleus
  • olivo-cerebellar axons exit medially form inferior live and enter cerebellum via inferior cerebral peduncle
30
Q

explain output projections form the cerebellum to the cortical motor systems

A
  • from dentate nucleus and interposed nucleus -> relay in VL thalamus complex -> project to motor cortex
31
Q

what do lower motor neurons in medial ventral from contribute to?

A

control of axial and proximal limb musculature

32
Q

name the three layers of the cerebellar cortex

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cell layer
  3. granule cell layer
33
Q

Describe the molecular layer of the cerebellum

A

contains apical dendrites of Purkinje cells, m parallel fibres form granule cells, basket cells and stellate cells

34
Q

Describe the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum

A

comprises middle layer of cerebellar cortex and contains Purkinje cell body

35
Q

describe the granule cell layer of the cerebellum

A

contains granule cell bodies

36
Q

What is the ultimate destination of afferent pathways to cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

37
Q

Is input from cerebral cortex to Purkinje cells direct or indirect?

A

indirect

38
Q

What are mossy fibres?

A

axons form pontine nuclei and most other sources of cerebellar input from brainstem and spinal cord

39
Q

Where do mossy fibres synapse?

A

on neurons in deeper cerebellar nuclei and on granule cells in granule cell layer

40
Q

What do granule cells give rise to?

A

parallel fibres that ascend to the molecular layer of the cerebellar Cortex

41
Q

How is the molecular layer of the cerebellum structured?

A
  • parallel fibres fork to form T-shaped branches that form excitatory synapses with the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells
42
Q

What do Purkinje cells do?

A
  • receive direct modulatory input form climbing fires which arise in inferior olivary nucleus
  • modulate effectiveness of parallel fibre connections
  • project to deep cerebellar nuclei
43
Q

What modulates inhibitory activity of Purkinje cells?

A

inputs form basket cells and stellate cells

44
Q

What is motor error correction?

A
  • mediated by climbing fires that ascend form inferior olive to contact dendrites of Purkinje cells
  • climbing fibres modify efficacy of parallel fibre - Purkinje cell connection, producing long term changes in cerebellar output - motor learning

functional neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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