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functional neuroanatomy > Week 1 - organisation of the nervous system > Flashcards

Week 1 - organisation of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is functional neuroanatomy?

A

The study of functional connections in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) with focus on the relationship between structure and function

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2
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage ? What brain part was effected?

A

Survived a traumatic brain injury caused by an iron rod that shot through his skull (through his superior maxima), obliterating the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his Brian

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3
Q

What was the consequences of Phineas Gage’s brain injury?

A

memory, cognition, strength had not been altered, his gentle personality degraded - became rude, uncontrollable

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4
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into…

A

front and back

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5
Q

Sagittal plane divides the body into…

A

left and right

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6
Q

Transverse plane divides the body…

A

horizontally

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7
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Planes within the CNS - Brain

A

rostral/ front, caudal/back, dorsal/top, ventral/below

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9
Q

What is the most rostral lobe of the brain?

A

frontal lobe

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9
Q

What is the most caudal part of the brain?

A

occipital lobe

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10
Q

Planes within the CNS - spinal cord

A

rostral/head, caudal/tail, dorsal/back, ventral/front

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11
Q

Name four functions of the nervous system

A
  1. gather sensory information for the external environment (sensory)
  2. integrate information for assessment and meaning (somatosensory)
  3. effect an appropriate behavioural response (motor)
  4. regulate body homeostasis for optimal performance (autonomic)
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12
Q

subdivide the nerves system form stimulus to response

A
  1. peripheral (PNS) - reception of information
  2. central (CNS) - integration, analysis and response
  3. Peripheral (PNS) - transmission of response
  4. Autonomic (ANS) - regulation of body homeostasis
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13
Q

Content of PNS

A
  • cranial nerves
  • ganglia outside CNS
  • spinal nerves
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14
Q

What kind of responses does the PNS give

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) responses

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15
Q

What responses does ANS include?

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic (return to rest)
  • enteric (digestion)
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16
Q

What characteristics does a neural systems have to fulfil?

A
  1. unit of function - vital, auditory, motor etc
  2. subdivision into submodalities
  3. defined representation of specific information
  4. organisation of even more complex information - less understood
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17
Q

Name the seven main components of the CNS

A
  • cerebral hemispheres (include. cortex and internal structures)
  • diencephalon
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • spinal cord
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18
Q

is the cerebellum part of the Brian stem?

A

No - the cerebellum is closely related as it is positioned posterior to the brain stem but not a part of it itself.

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19
Q

Name a descending pathway

A

motor pathways

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20
Q

Name an ascending pathway

A

sensory pathway

21
Q

what are the ridges of the unfolded cerebral cortex called?

A

gyrus

22
Q

What is a large sulcus called?

A

fissure

23
Q

what is the vela between the gyri called?

A

sulcus

24
Q

What is the Hippocampus

A

The hippocampus is a convex elevation of gray matter tissue within the parahippocampal gyrus inside the inferior temporal horn of the lateral ventricle

25
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Generation of memory

26
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure divide the brain into?

A

right and left

27
Q

from what view onto the Brian can you see the brain stem?

A

ventral

28
Q

Name the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

forntal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

29
Q

In what areas can each lobe of the brain be divided into?

A

primary areas and secondary (and association) areas

30
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

voluntary movement

31
Q

What does the primary sensory cortex do

A

somatosensation

32
Q

what does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

hearing

33
Q

What does the visual cortex do?

A

vision

34
Q

What does the Broca’s area do?

A

language expression - 2nd degree area

35
Q

What does the Wernicke’s area do?

A

language comprehension - 2nd degree area

36
Q

Where is the Wernicke area located ?

A

Posterior to the primary auditory cortex

37
Q

What is the visual association?

A

visual processing, object recognition, facial recognition (right temporal lobe), auditory memories

38
Q

What is the posterior parietal association?

A

somatosensory integration, spatial awareness of surroundings (selective attention)

39
Q

What is the frontal association?

A

judgement, motor planning, personality

40
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

a relay/ processing center

41
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

42
Q

What stops at the thalamus?

A

Every neurones going to the cortex - become synapses

43
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

the regulator of the ANS (hormone production)

44
Q

is the cerebral cortex white or grey matter?

A

grey - myelinated axons

45
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

midbrain, post medulla

46
Q

what sits superiorly to the midbrain?

A

thalamus

47
Q

what connects posteriorly to the medulla?

A

spinal cord

48
Q

function of the brain stem

A

mesencephalon - processing of visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses. maintenance of consciousness

pons - relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

medulla oblongata - relays sensory information to thalamus and other parts of Brian stem, autonomic enters for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems acitvities)

49
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • regulates somatic motor outputs
  • coordinates complex movements
  • involved in motor learning

functional neuroanatomy (16 decks)

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