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Semester 1 > Week 8 - Glenohumeral Joint > Flashcards

Week 8 - Glenohumeral Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint?

A

A ball and socket joint type of synovial joint that permits a wide range of movement; however, its mobility makes the joint relatively unstable

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2
Q

Where does the humeral head articulate

A

With the relatively shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula

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3
Q

How is the glenoid cavity deepened?

A

It is deepened slightly but effectively by the ring like, fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum

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4
Q

What are both the articular surfaces covered with?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

How much of the humeral head does the glenoid cavity accept?

A

Little more than a third

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6
Q

How is the humeral head held in the glenoid cavity?

A

By the tonus of the musculotendinous rotator cuff, or SITS, muscles

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7
Q

What surrounds the glenohumeral joint?

A

Loose fibrous layer of the joint capsule

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8
Q

How is the loose fibrous layer of the joint capsule attached?

A

Medially to the margin of the glenoid cavity and laterally to the anatomical neck of the humerus

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9
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the capsule enclose?

A

The proximal attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii to the supra-glenoid tubercle of scapula withing the joint

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10
Q

What are the two apertures of the joint capsule?

A

An opening between the tubercles of the humerus

An opening situated anteriorly, inferior to the coracoid process

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11
Q

What is the opening between the tubercles of the humerus for?

A

FOr passage of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

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12
Q

What is the opening situated anteriorly, inferior to the coracoid process for?

A

It allows communication between the subtendinous bursa of subscapularis and the synovial cavity of the joint

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13
Q

What is the only part of the joint capsule not reinforced by the rotator cuff muscles?

A

The inferior part, which is the weakest part

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14
Q

What happens to the joint capsule at the inferior part when the arm is adducted?

A

It lies in folds

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15
Q

What happens to the joint capsule at the inferior part when the arm is abducted?

A

It becomes taught

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16
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

Lines the internal surface of the fibrous layer of the capsule and reflects from it into the glenoid labrum and the humerus, as far as the articular margin of the head

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17
Q

What does the synovial membrane form?

A

A tubular sheath for the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii, where it lies in the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus and passes into the joint cavity

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18
Q

What does the glenohumeral ligament strengthen?

A

The anterior aspect of the joint capsule

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19
Q

What does the coracohumeral ligament strengthen?

A

The joint capsule superiorly

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20
Q

What are the glenohumeral and the coracohumeral ligaments?

A

Intinsic ligaments - that is, part of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule

21
Q

How many fibrous bands are the glenohumeral ligaments?

A

Three

22
Q

Where are the glenohumeral ligaments evident?

A

On the internal aspect of the capsule

23
Q

Where do the glenohumeral ligaments radiate?

A

Laterally and inferiorly from the glenoid labrum at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

24
Q

Where do the glenohumeral ligaments blend?

A

With the fibrous layer of the capsule as it attaches to the anatomical neck of the humerous

25
Q

What is the coracohumeral ligament?

A

A strong broad band that passes from the base of the coracoid process to the anterior aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus

26
Q

What is the transverse humeral ligament?

A

A broad fibrous band that runs more or less obliquely from the greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus, bridging over the intertubercular sulcus

27
Q

What does the transverse humeral ligament convert the groove into?

A

A canal which holds the synovial sheath and tendon of the biceps brachii in place during movements of the glenohumeral joint

28
Q

What is the coraco-acromial arch?

A

An extrinsic, protective structure formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula, with the coraco-acromial ligamnet spanning between them

29
Q

What does the coraco-acromial arch prevent?

A

The superior displacement of the humeral head from the glenoid cavity

30
Q

How is movement of the supraspinatus tendon, passing to the greater tubercle of the humerous facilitated?

A

As it passes under the arch by the subacromial bursa, which lies between the arch supeiorly and the tendon of the tubercle inferiorly

31
Q

What is the freedom of movement of the glenohumeral joint the result of?

A

The laxity of its joint capsule and the large size of the humeral head compared with the small size of the glenoid cavity

32
Q

Around how many axes does the humeral joint allow movements?

A

Three

33
Q

What movements of the humerus and circumduction does the glenohumeral joint allow?

A

Flexion - extension
Abduction - adduction
Rotation (medial and lateral)

34
Q

What does lateral rotation of the humerus increase?

A

The range of abduction

35
Q

What happens when the arm is abducted without rotation?

A

Available articular surface is exhausted and the greater tubercle contacts the coraco-acromial arch, preventing further abduction

36
Q

What is circumduction at the glenohumeral joint?

A

An orderly sequence of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction - or the reverse

37
Q

If there is stiffening or fixation of joints of the pectoral girdle what can happen?

A

There is a much more restricted range of movements , even if the glenohumeral joint is normal.

38
Q

Where do the axio-appendicular muscles act?

A

Indirectly on the glenohumeral joint

39
Q

Where do the scapulohumeral muscles act?

A

Directly on the glenohumeral joint

40
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint supplied by?

A

The anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and branches of the supra-scapular artery

41
Q

What nerves supply the glenohumeral joint?

A

Suprascapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Lateral pectoral nerve

42
Q

What is a bursae?

A

A sac-like cavity

43
Q

What do bursae contain?

A

Capillary films of synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

44
Q

Where are bursae located?

A

Where tendons rub against bone, ligaments or other tendons and where skin moves over a bony prominence

45
Q

Why are the bursae around the glenohumeral joint of special clinical importance?

A

Because some of them communicate with the joint cavity

46
Q

Where is the subtendinous bursa of the subscapularis located?

A

Between the tendon of the subscapularis and the neck of the scapula

47
Q

What does the subtendinous bursa of the subscapularis protect?

A

The tendon where it passes inferior to the root of the coracoid process and over the neck of the scapula

48
Q

Where is the subacromial bursa located?

A

Between the acromion , coraco-acromial ligamen, and deltoid superiorly and the supraspinatus tendon and joint capsule of the the glenohumeral joint inferiorly

Semester 1 (16 decks)

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