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Final: Ancient Religions > Week 8: Ethics and Controlling Religion > Flashcards

Week 8: Ethics and Controlling Religion Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: In Christianity, nothing coming IN your mouth is considered defilement.

A

TRUE

Ex. It is not a sin to eat pork like it is with the Jews

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2
Q

When did Bishops begin to gain significant power?

A

2nd-3rd C. AD

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3
Q

What does Katholikos mean?

A

Universal and Pure

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4
Q

What is the ultimate goal of Christianity:

A

To become Katholikos

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5
Q

In the _______, control was limited to coercive rhetoric and withholding fellowship (Christianity)

A

1st c. AD

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6
Q

Why did Constantine desire a uniform Christian church?

A
  • NOT for theological reasons
  • Because he didn’t have time to sort out every little heresy
  • So, he made one vague and inclusive doctrine that maintained a general pax deorum
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7
Q

Explain Constantine’s religious policy:

A

As long as you paid your taxes, Constantine really didn’t care too much

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8
Q

In what year does a more aggressive crackdown on Paganism occur?

A

380 AD

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9
Q

Which emperor shut down all the pagan cults? (ex. Olympics)

A

Theodosius

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10
Q

Who claimed that the church is superior to the emperor?

A

Ambrose of Milan

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11
Q

What is the quintessential symbol of late Roman Christianity?

A

Chi Rho

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12
Q

According to Tertullian, what is the worst sin?

A

Idolatry (worshipping other gods)

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13
Q

According to Tertullian, what is the only way to be forgiven for major sins? (ex. murder, idolatry, etc)

A

Martyrdom

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14
Q

Who said that sin is a psychological flaw genetically part of all humans, since we are created through sin (sex) ?

A

Augustine

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15
Q

What does “Orthodoxia” mean in Greek?

A

Direct, Upright

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16
Q

What is the difference between a shame and guilt culture?

A

Shame Culture: External Means of Control

Guilt Culture: Internal Means of Control

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17
Q

Older Polytheisms tend to be _____________ cultures.

A

Shame Cultures

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18
Q

Generally, in more ancient cultures, morality is founded on the principle of: You are __________________.

A

You are what you do.

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19
Q

What is normative good?

A
  • A communities set of moral guidelines “It is good because we say so”
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20
Q

What is normative good called in Egypt?

A

Maat

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21
Q

What is normative good called in Syria-Canaan?

A

sdq

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22
Q

What is normative good called in Greece?

A

dike

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23
Q

What is normative good called in Rome?

A

ius

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24
Q

In the ancient world, ____________ is generally the opposite of goodness.

A

Self-Centred egotism (being different is arrogant)

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25
Q

Generally, Gods keep score and make sure that your _________ equals your __________

A

Your deeds equal your fate

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26
Q

In most shame cultures, who is the only representative of God ?

A

Rulers

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27
Q

In most Guilt cultures, who is the representative of God ?

A

God himself

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28
Q

When does Judaism start to move away from shame culture characteristics?

A

8th c. BC

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29
Q

True or False: In Archaic Greece, Tîmé (aristocratic honour) is far more important than what benefits the whole community (dike).

A

TRUE

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30
Q

In what year does the notion of “dike” (common good) start to take prevalence?

A

700 BC

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31
Q

Who said that the “Human being is the measure of all things”?

A

Protagoras

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32
Q

How are Greek notions of citizenship and republicanism a modified return of timé?

A
  • Because in being a citizen of a republic, you are not totally subordinate to the Gods OR the State
  • Pride in individuality thus returned
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33
Q

Who said, “Many are the marvels [of the universe], but nothing is more marvellous than a human being”?

A

Sophocles

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34
Q

In which civilizations were the Gods absolutely NOT seen as moral models.

A

Greece and Rome

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35
Q

In which civilizations were the Gods seen as partial moral models, though not fully.

A

Mesopotamia, Syria-Canaan, Egypt, Anatolia

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36
Q

In which civilizations was the God seen as an absolute, literal moral model?

A

Israel/Judaism

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37
Q

True or False: In Ancient Greece and Rome, gods respect an individual who values his timê.

A

TRUE

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38
Q

In Mesopotamia and Egypt, who is the mediator of divine action in the world?

A

The King

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39
Q

When does tight control of religion happen?

A

When a community that defines itself exclusively through religion feels the need to defend it from outside threats, by weeding out interior threats.

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40
Q

In which century was royal control of sanctuaries purely financial, NOT doctrinal, in Israel?

A

8th c. BC

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41
Q

In the 760s BC in Israel, what 2 prophets were condemned for criticizing the loose and immoral management of Royal Sanctuaries?

A

Hosea

Amos

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42
Q

Who was punished in the late 600s BC for predicting the fall of Jerusalem?

A

Jeremiah

43
Q

What Israelite king shut down sanctuaries that worshipped gods other than YHWH?

A

Hezekiah

44
Q

What Israelite king “discovered” the Book of Deuteronomy?

A

Josiah

45
Q

What Israelite king made worship of other gods by Jews punishable by death?

A

Josiah

46
Q

True or False: In Hittite Anatolia, there was a priestly class.

A

FALSE

47
Q

In Hittite Anatolia, who typically filled in priestly positions and titles?

A

Royal Family

48
Q

True or False: The Hittite Royal family prohibited the unauthorized use of magic

A

TRUE

49
Q

True or False: Persian kings were famously tolerant of other religions elsewhere in their empire

A

TRUE

50
Q

In the Achaemenid period, royal control over sanctuaries was probably limited to:

A

Iran (not the rest of the Persian dominated regions in the empire)

51
Q

Who tried to rebel and break the control of the priestly class on the commons in Sassanid Persia in 500 AD?

A

Mazdak

(he fails, but creates an open ground for Islam to come in)

52
Q

In Greece, priestships typically were held by higher nobles. In which polis was this NOT true?

A

Athens

53
Q

True or False: In Ancient Greece, there was no overarching organization of religion,
no hierarchy of priests and priestesses

A

TRUE

54
Q

What was the name for the panhellenic confederations made against defilers of Delphi?

A

The Amphiktiony

55
Q

True or False: Super rich Oracles (especially from Delphi) could manipulate foreign policy)

A

TRUE

56
Q

True or False: Secularism and Atheism is illegal in Athens

A

TRUE

57
Q

What 2 things did Rome consult during times of crisis?

A
  • Delphic Oracle
  • Sybilline Books
58
Q

What is the most notable historical exception of Rome’s relative open-mindedness and religious tolerance?

A
  • Suppression of the cult of Bacchus (186 BC)
59
Q

In what year was the first Empire-wide persecution of Christians?

A

250 AD

60
Q

Which Emperor most notably persecuted Christians?

A

Nero

61
Q

In Rome, Pagans are completely tolerated until _____

A

380 AD

62
Q

In which century do early Christian heresies begin to emerge?

A

2nd C. AD

63
Q

What does emperor Theodosius declare Judaism?

A

A Superstitio

64
Q

What is a superstitio?

A

A free citizen’s forgetting his dignity by throwing himself into the servitude of deities conceived as tyrants.

65
Q

What is a Monarchic Theocracy? What are some examples?

A
  • The King claims divine legitimacy (either divine himself, or divinely ordained), and thus, is the law
  • Egypt and Mesopotamia
66
Q

True or False: Roman emperors were divinely appointed.

A

FALSE

67
Q

Identify which civilization this refers to:

The king is not the font of law, but is the state’s supreme lawgiver and judge by virtue of being the earthly agent of the weather god

A

Hittite Anatolia

68
Q

True or False: Roman emperors were often considered the gods’ representative on earth

A

TRUE

69
Q

True or False: Hellenistic successor kingdoms reverted to monarchic theocracy.

A

TRUE

70
Q

Classical Greek philosophy distinguishes between
__________ law and _________ law.

A

Divine Law

Man-made Law

71
Q

What is the first Mesopotamian lawcode?

A

Ur Nammu, 2050 BC

72
Q

Which subsequent lawcode was much harsher than the Ur Nammu?

A

Hammurabi’s Code

73
Q

On the steele of the code of Hammurabi, who is depicted as handing the code to Hammurabi?

A

Shamash (sun god)

74
Q

Name the 2 civilizations where this is true:

Mythological heroes are sometimes skeptical or complaining of divine justice.

A

Egypt and Mesopotamia

75
Q

Which civilization’s heroes and mythological role models are accepting of whatever happens to them?

A

Syria-Canaan

76
Q

Define Wisdom literature:

A

A guide to living a pious life

77
Q

What is the difference between Magic and Witchcraft?

A

Witchcraft is used for dark or anti-social purposes

78
Q

Define Omen literature:

A
  • Interpretation of human actions committed while awake or in a dream as being divine messages
79
Q

What was the Mesopotamian anti-Witchcraft ritual called?

A

Maqlu

80
Q

When was there a rise in urbanism in Ancient Israel?

A

9th c. BC

81
Q

True or False: Enslaving a fellow Jew was forbidden.

A

TRUE

82
Q

What book sums up the reformed ethics of the Israelites after the Assyrian conquest in the 8th c. BC?

A

King Josiah’s Book of Deuteronomy

83
Q

What conclusion did Jewish apologists draw from the unique nature of their legal system?

A

Superiority of YHWH over other gods

84
Q

True or False: The Hittite law code was strangely secular.

A

TRUE

85
Q

What is depicted in the Behistun rock inscription?

A
  • Darius’ title and extent of his empire
  • The defeat of his rival Gaumata in 522 BC
  • rebellions quelled in the empire
  • The importance of righteousness
  • blessings and curses
86
Q

Who founded Manicheism?

A

Mani

87
Q

When did Manicheism begin?

A

3rd century AD Iraq

88
Q

What is the main belief of Manicheism?

A
  • That our physical bodies are inherently evil in composition, and smother the inner light that is our souls
  • Vegetarianism releases particles of light back to the sun and moon
89
Q

True or False: Manichaeans in Egypt regarded themselves as true Christians

A

TRUE

90
Q

In Ancient Greece, what is considered ethical and moral?

A

Proper treatment of the gods

91
Q

In Ancient Greece, when does skepticism and criticism of the gods’ efficacy emerge?

A

6th Century BC

92
Q

What was the first written law code of Athens?

A

Draco’s lawcode 620 BC

93
Q

What is one of the few Greek law
codes found outside Athens?

A

Gortyn Lawcode, Crete

94
Q

What does the Gortyn Lawcode show us about the progression of laws overtime?

A

Women’s rights decrease overtime

Slaves’ rights increase overtime

95
Q

True or False

In Rome there was no single source of moral authority, no religious interest in setting moral norms

A

TRUE

96
Q

Define mos maiorum

A

Traditional Practices in Ancient Rome

  • The unwritten code of social norms that guided ancient Romans, and was a key concept in Roman traditionalism.
97
Q

What did the Romans look to as models of their societal values?

A

Heroes from the past

98
Q

True or False: There were NO new Roman philosophies. They simply integrated and adapted older Greek ones.

A

TRUE

99
Q

In Rome, ethics were discussed more in ___________ NOT Religion.

A

Philosophy

100
Q

What lawcode was found underneath the Roman Forum? What did it say?

A

Lapis Niger

  • Set out rules for what one could and couldn’t do while in the religious precinct
101
Q

Why were the Twelve Tables made in Rome?

A

To defuse class strife

102
Q

What do the Twelve Tables say about women?

A

→ What it says about women: keeps women under control
→ Keeps them bound by the husband, or, male relative

103
Q

True or False: The Twelve Tables DO NOT mention the gods at all.

A

TRUE

104
Q

What does the Book of Deuteronomy contain?

A

Sums up the reformed ethics of the Israelites after the Assyrian conquest in the 8th c. BC

Final: Ancient Religions (6 decks)

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