Week 8: Ethics and Controlling Religion Flashcards
1
Q
True or False: In Christianity, nothing coming IN your mouth is considered defilement.
A
TRUE
Ex. It is not a sin to eat pork like it is with the Jews
2
Q
When did Bishops begin to gain significant power?
A
2nd-3rd C. AD
3
Q
What does Katholikos mean?
A
Universal and Pure
4
Q
What is the ultimate goal of Christianity:
A
To become Katholikos
5
Q
In the _______, control was limited to coercive rhetoric and withholding fellowship (Christianity)
A
1st c. AD
6
Q
Why did Constantine desire a uniform Christian church?
A
- NOT for theological reasons
- Because he didn’t have time to sort out every little heresy
- So, he made one vague and inclusive doctrine that maintained a general pax deorum
7
Q
Explain Constantine’s religious policy:
A
As long as you paid your taxes, Constantine really didn’t care too much
8
Q
In what year does a more aggressive crackdown on Paganism occur?
A
380 AD
9
Q
Which emperor shut down all the pagan cults? (ex. Olympics)
A
Theodosius
10
Q
Who claimed that the church is superior to the emperor?
A
Ambrose of Milan
11
Q
What is the quintessential symbol of late Roman Christianity?
A
Chi Rho
12
Q
According to Tertullian, what is the worst sin?
A
Idolatry (worshipping other gods)
13
Q
According to Tertullian, what is the only way to be forgiven for major sins? (ex. murder, idolatry, etc)
A
Martyrdom
14
Q
Who said that sin is a psychological flaw genetically part of all humans, since we are created through sin (sex) ?
A
Augustine
15
Q
What does “Orthodoxia” mean in Greek?
A
Direct, Upright
16
Q
What is the difference between a shame and guilt culture?
A
Shame Culture: External Means of Control
Guilt Culture: Internal Means of Control
17
Q
Older Polytheisms tend to be _____________ cultures.
A
Shame Cultures
18
Q
Generally, in more ancient cultures, morality is founded on the principle of: You are __________________.
A
You are what you do.
19
Q
What is normative good?
A
- A communities set of moral guidelines “It is good because we say so”
20
Q
What is normative good called in Egypt?
A
Maat
21
Q
What is normative good called in Syria-Canaan?
A
sdq
22
Q
What is normative good called in Greece?
A
dike
23
Q
What is normative good called in Rome?
A
ius
24
Q
In the ancient world, ____________ is generally the opposite of goodness.
A
Self-Centred egotism (being different is arrogant)
25
Generally, Gods keep score and make sure that your _________ equals your __________
Your deeds equal your fate
26
In most shame cultures, who is the only representative of God ?
Rulers
27
In most Guilt cultures, who is the representative of God ?
God himself
28
When does Judaism start to move away from shame culture characteristics?
8th c. BC
29
True or False: In Archaic Greece, Tîmé (aristocratic honour) is far more important than what benefits the whole community (dike).
TRUE
30
In what year does the notion of "dike" (common good) start to take prevalence?
700 BC
31
Who said that the "Human being is the measure of all things"?
Protagoras
32
How are Greek notions of citizenship and republicanism a modified return of timé?
- Because in being a citizen of a republic, you are not totally subordinate to the Gods OR the State
- Pride in individuality thus returned
33
Who said, “Many are the marvels [of the universe], but nothing is more marvellous than a human being”?
Sophocles
34
In which civilizations were the Gods absolutely NOT seen as moral models.
Greece and Rome
35
In which civilizations were the Gods seen as partial moral models, though not fully.
Mesopotamia, Syria-Canaan, Egypt, Anatolia
36
In which civilizations was the God seen as an absolute, literal moral model?
Israel/Judaism
37
True or False: In Ancient Greece and Rome, gods respect an individual who values his timê.
TRUE
38
In Mesopotamia and Egypt, who is the mediator of divine action in the world?
The King
39
When does tight control of religion happen?
When a community that defines itself exclusively through religion feels the need to defend it from outside threats, by weeding out interior threats.
40
In which century was royal control of sanctuaries purely financial, NOT doctrinal, in Israel?
8th c. BC
41
In the 760s BC in Israel, what 2 prophets were condemned for criticizing the loose and immoral management of Royal Sanctuaries?
Hosea
Amos
42
Who was punished in the late 600s BC for predicting the fall of Jerusalem?
Jeremiah
43
What Israelite king shut down sanctuaries that worshipped gods other than YHWH?
Hezekiah
44
What Israelite king "discovered" the Book of Deuteronomy?
Josiah
45
What Israelite king made worship of other gods by Jews punishable by death?
Josiah
46
True or False: In Hittite Anatolia, there was a priestly class.
FALSE
47
In Hittite Anatolia, who typically filled in priestly positions and titles?
Royal Family
48
True or False: The Hittite Royal family prohibited the unauthorized use of magic
TRUE
49
True or False: Persian kings were famously tolerant of other religions elsewhere in their empire
TRUE
50
In the Achaemenid period, royal control over sanctuaries was probably limited to:
Iran (not the rest of the Persian dominated regions in the empire)
51
Who tried to rebel and break the control of the priestly class on the commons in Sassanid Persia in 500 AD?
Mazdak
(he fails, but creates an open ground for Islam to come in)
52
In Greece, priestships typically were held by higher nobles. In which polis was this NOT true?
Athens
53
True or False: In Ancient Greece, there was no overarching organization of religion,
no hierarchy of priests and priestesses
TRUE
54
What was the name for the panhellenic confederations made against defilers of Delphi?
The Amphiktiony
55
True or False: Super rich Oracles (especially from Delphi) could manipulate foreign policy)
TRUE
56
True or False: Secularism and Atheism is illegal in Athens
TRUE
57
What 2 things did Rome consult during times of crisis?
- Delphic Oracle
- Sybilline Books
58
What is the most notable historical exception of Rome's relative open-mindedness and religious tolerance?
- Suppression of the cult of Bacchus (186 BC)
59
In what year was the first Empire-wide persecution of Christians?
250 AD
60
Which Emperor most notably persecuted Christians?
Nero
61
In Rome, Pagans are completely tolerated until _____
380 AD
62
In which century do early Christian heresies begin to emerge?
2nd C. AD
63
What does emperor Theodosius declare Judaism?
A Superstitio
64
What is a superstitio?
A free citizen's forgetting his dignity by throwing himself into the servitude of deities conceived as tyrants.
65
What is a Monarchic Theocracy? What are some examples?
- The King claims divine legitimacy (either divine himself, or divinely ordained), and thus, is the law
- Egypt and Mesopotamia
66
True or False: Roman emperors were divinely appointed.
FALSE
67
Identify which civilization this refers to:
The king is not the font of law, but is the state’s supreme lawgiver and judge by virtue of being the earthly agent of the weather god
Hittite Anatolia
68
True or False: Roman emperors were often considered the gods’ representative on earth
TRUE
69
True or False: Hellenistic successor kingdoms reverted to monarchic theocracy.
TRUE
70
Classical Greek philosophy distinguishes between
__________ law and _________ law.
Divine Law
Man-made Law
71
What is the first Mesopotamian lawcode?
Ur Nammu, 2050 BC
72
Which subsequent lawcode was much harsher than the Ur Nammu?
Hammurabi's Code
73
On the steele of the code of Hammurabi, who is depicted as handing the code to Hammurabi?
Shamash (sun god)
74
Name the 2 civilizations where this is true:
Mythological heroes are sometimes skeptical or complaining of divine justice.
Egypt and Mesopotamia
75
Which civilization's heroes and mythological role models are accepting of whatever happens to them?
Syria-Canaan
76
Define Wisdom literature:
A guide to living a pious life
77
What is the difference between Magic and Witchcraft?
Witchcraft is used for dark or anti-social purposes
78
Define Omen literature:
- Interpretation of human actions committed while awake or in a dream as being divine messages
79
What was the Mesopotamian anti-Witchcraft ritual called?
Maqlu
80
When was there a rise in urbanism in Ancient Israel?
9th c. BC
81
True or False: Enslaving a fellow Jew was forbidden.
TRUE
82
What book sums up the reformed ethics of the Israelites after the Assyrian conquest in the 8th c. BC?
King Josiah's Book of Deuteronomy
83
What conclusion did Jewish apologists draw from the unique nature of their legal system?
Superiority of YHWH over other gods
84
True or False: The Hittite law code was strangely secular.
TRUE
85
What is depicted in the Behistun rock inscription?
- Darius' title and extent of his empire
- The defeat of his rival Gaumata in 522 BC
- rebellions quelled in the empire
- The importance of righteousness
- blessings and curses
86
Who founded Manicheism?
Mani
87
When did Manicheism begin?
3rd century AD Iraq
88
What is the main belief of Manicheism?
- That our physical bodies are inherently evil in composition, and smother the inner light that is our souls
- Vegetarianism releases particles of light back to the sun and moon
89
True or False: Manichaeans in Egypt regarded themselves as true Christians
TRUE
90
In Ancient Greece, what is considered ethical and moral?
Proper treatment of the gods
91
In Ancient Greece, when does skepticism and criticism of the gods' efficacy emerge?
6th Century BC
92
What was the first written law code of Athens?
Draco's lawcode 620 BC
93
What is one of the few Greek law
codes found outside Athens?
Gortyn Lawcode, Crete
94
What does the Gortyn Lawcode show us about the progression of laws overtime?
Women's rights decrease overtime
Slaves' rights increase overtime
95
True or False
In Rome there was no single source of moral authority, no religious interest in setting moral norms
TRUE
96
Define mos maiorum
Traditional Practices in Ancient Rome
- The unwritten code of social norms that guided ancient Romans, and was a key concept in Roman traditionalism.
97
What did the Romans look to as models of their societal values?
Heroes from the past
98
True or False: There were NO new Roman philosophies. They simply integrated and adapted older Greek ones.
TRUE
99
In Rome, ethics were discussed more in ___________ NOT Religion.
Philosophy
100
What lawcode was found underneath the Roman Forum? What did it say?
Lapis Niger
- Set out rules for what one could and couldn't do while in the religious precinct
101
Why were the Twelve Tables made in Rome?
To defuse class strife
102
What do the Twelve Tables say about women?
→ What it says about women: keeps women under control
→ Keeps them bound by the husband, or, male relative
103
True or False: The Twelve Tables DO NOT mention the gods at all.
TRUE
104
What does the Book of Deuteronomy contain?
Sums up the reformed ethics of the Israelites after the Assyrian conquest in the 8th c. BC
