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Final: Ancient Religions > Week 12: Divination > Flashcards

Week 12: Divination Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 6 Canaanite divination languages?

A
  1. Reading sheep entrails
  2. Reading behaviour of sheep
  3. Reading movements of a water snake
  4. Reading tokens
  5. Reading behaviour of birds
  6. Reading behaviour of shelducks
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2
Q

Define: Diviner:

A

Somebody that can communicate with the divine through the manipulation of certain objects

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3
Q

Define: Ephod

A
  • An Israelite High Priest’s breastplate
  • Had 12 sacred stones on it
  • Can communicate to YHWH with it
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4
Q

What were the Urim and Thumim?

A
  • Israelite tradition
  • 2 stones
  • You throw them both, if they both land on the same side, it is a divinely correct verdict
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5
Q

What was the oldest oracle in the Greek world?

A

Zeus’ oak tree at Dodona

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6
Q

In the Greek world, why are oracles often female?

A

Because their power to create babies was seen as mystical magic

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7
Q

Which deity ruled Delphi before Apollo took over?

A

Gaia

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8
Q

Who did Apollo kill to gain control of Delphi?

A

Python, Gaia’s serpent monster

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9
Q

Which Greek oracle site involved slipping into a small and dark subterranean chamber feet first?

A

Trophonios’ Oracle at Lebadeia

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10
Q

What did one have to do before entering into the cave at Trophonios’ oracle in Lebedaeia?

A
  • You are taken to the river Herecina, where you are washed
  • Once you drink the water there, you will be clear of all memory
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11
Q

List the Greco-Roman methods of divination: (6)

A
  1. Oracles
  2. Dreams
  3. Augury
  4. Haruscpisy
  5. Bibliomancy
  6. Astrology
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12
Q

Define: Bibliomancy

A

Looking at random passages in a book, and interpreting them as divine messages

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13
Q

List some early Christian methods of divination: (5)

A
  1. Lot casting
  2. Onomancy
  3. Bibliomancy
  4. Astrology
  5. Ouija Board

Acronym: OBOLA

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14
Q

Horoscopes were first religiously practised by the __________, in the year ___________.

A

Babylonians

500 BC

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15
Q

When do horoscopes first reach the Mediterranean?

A

100 BC

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16
Q

Which famous Roman leader used bibliomancy by consulting the Iliad before battle? What followed?

A
  • Pompey
  • Before Pharsallus
  • The line says that he would be undone by Apollo
  • He ignores it, and loses the battle
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17
Q

What book did many Roman Emperors use for Bibliomancy?

A

Virgil’s Aeneid

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18
Q

Define: Omeni oblatine

A

Omens that come to you

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19
Q

Where in Greece was there said to be a direct entrance to Hades?

A

Death Oracle of Poseidon at cape Tainaron

  • Southern most tip of Greece
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20
Q

What were the 4 main functions of amulets?

A
  • Erotic (attraction, fertility,
    contraception)
  • Healing
  • Averting ghosts and demons
  • Luck
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21
Q

Define: Relics

A

Remains of, or anything once touched by saints

22
Q

Describe pilgrim flasks:

A
  • Canteens used by pilgrims in the east
  • They often had saints depicted on them
  • This affirmed their use as amulets, as the icon of the respective saint warded away bad luck and evil
23
Q

True or False: Coins were thought to have had value in the human, AND non-human worlds

A

TRUE

24
Q

What on coins was seen to protect you in the afterlife?

A
  • The image of a king or ruler
25
Q

True or False: Imitation coins and obsolete old coins are still valid in the underworld

A

TRUE

26
Q

Why did the Christian Church abhor the idea of relying on an old ruler’s image on a coin for protection in the afterlife?

A
  • Because it meant rejecting the sanctity of the Lord, in favour of superstitious hope in the luck of an old pagan ruler
27
Q

What were Gold Foil Bracteates?

A
  • Old, inexpensive coins that were wrapped in a thin layer of gold foil and buried with the dead
  • Christians often used ancient coins, then outdated, picking symbols that pertained to Christianity (ex. Dove on coins for Aphrodite)
28
Q

Define: Voces magicae

A
  • Incomprehensible, but pronounceable magical formulas, spells and curses
  • Often used when writing about demons
29
Q

What was the Sethian demon curse tablet, found in Rome?

A
  • A curse tablet found in the Via Appia tombs
  • Portrayed the dog headed Seth
  • The victims had their heads bitten off by snakes
30
Q

What is Sympathetic Magic?

A
  • Cursing an image, which thus curses the person
  • Ex. Vodoo dolls
31
Q

What was an early Christian book describing proper procedures to exorcise a demon?

A

The Eighth Book of Moses (4th c. AD)

32
Q

What was the spell of Pibechis?

A
  • A Judeo-Christian charm used to exorcise those possessed by demons
33
Q

How does the Eighth Book of Moses tell one to properly exorcise a demon?

A

If you say the magic name to a man possessed by a demon while applying sulphur and
bitumen to his nose, the demon will give voice at once and depart

34
Q

Applying which two materials to a possessed victim’s nose will repel the demon within them?

A

Sulphur

Bitumen

35
Q

What was known to the Greeks and Romans as the “sacred disease”?

A

Epilepsy

36
Q

Why did many Christians defile old pagan statues?

A
  • Christians consider statues to actually be inhabited by pagan gods, and thus, demons
37
Q

After which year does Christian defilement of pagan statues begin?

A

395 AD

38
Q

How did Mesopotamians view pain?

A

As a vulnerability to evil forces and demons in the world

39
Q

What was the most comprehensive Mesopotamian medical text?

A
  • Nineveh Medical Encyclopedia
40
Q

Who were the Asu and the Asipu? How did they differ?

A
  • Medical practitioners in ancient Mesopotamia

Asu= Practiced HERBAL medicine

Asipu= Practiced RITUAL medicine (ex. exorcisms)

41
Q

What was the Maqlu Ceremony?

A
  • 100 incantations and symbolic rites performed through the night
  • To ward against witchcraft
42
Q

How did the Syro-Canaanites see illness?

A
  • As a punishment from the gods
43
Q

What was the Amphiaraion?

A
  • A healing and oracular sanctuary
  • The place where a hero, Amphioraias, disappeared from this world
    -He sends up oracular messages and fumes from the underworld
  • People would throw coins down the well there
44
Q

What was the Asklepion in Athens?

A
  • Temple to Asklepios
  • Sick people would come here
  • Had a snake chamber, where they let out snakes at night to slither among the incubating ill peoples
45
Q

Where were Asklepeions often located?

A
  • Asklepeions are usually located in the centre of cities
45
Q

At which Asklepion was it said that no patients ever died from their illness? Why?

A

Asklepeion at Pergammon

  • Because they would kick those about to die out of the sanctuary before they could pass away
45
Q

Where did Asklepios ascend?

A

Epidauros

46
Q

Asklepios only becomes the centre focus of the Sanctuary at Epidauros in the ________ century BC

A

4th C. BC

47
Q

Define: Abaton

A

A covered colonnade used as an incubation chamber for sick people at Asklepeions

48
Q

Which foreign deity was heavily present at the Epidaurus healing sanctuary?

A

Isis

49
Q

Define: Tamata (Tama)

A
  • Votive offerings of small golden or bronze body part illustrations hung beside an icon of a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church
  • Ex. if one is blind, they would post a Tamata of eyes beside the icon of a saint

Final: Ancient Religions (6 decks)

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