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Final: Ancient Religions > Week 7: Cosmology and Sacred Times & Spaces > Flashcards

Week 7: Cosmology and Sacred Times & Spaces Flashcards

1
Q

In Ancient Egypt, each city made its favourite God the ______________

A

Creator God

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2
Q

True or False: All Creator Gods in Egypt were male.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

True or False: Each Ancient Egyptian city has it’s own creation story.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What is the Mesopotamian creation story?

A
  • Marduk kills the monster Tiamat, and makes the world out of her limbs
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5
Q

What is the Syro-Canaanite creation story?

A
  • Humanity created through the battle between Baal and Yamm/Sea or Baal vs. Mot/Death
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6
Q

What is the Hittite creation story?

A
  • Kumarbi overhtrows his father, Anu
  • Then, Teshub overthrows his father Kumarbi
  • Teshub then battles Ullikummi (giant stone monster)
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7
Q

What is the Greek creation story?

A
  • Kronos overthrows his father Ouranos
  • Zeus overthrows his father Kronos
  • Zeus then battles the Titans
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8
Q

Why do the Zoroastrians not have a creation myth like the others?

A
  • They believe that Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman have been in perpetual struggle since the very beggining
  • This tells us that Good AND Evil are necessary components to the universe
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9
Q

After the ______ century BC, Gods begin to be more cosmological, and thus, less anthropomorphic.

A

6th Century BC

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10
Q

What are two main examples of non-anthropomorphic worship earlier on?

A
  • Jews: Wisdom or Spirit IS the incarnation of the deity
  • Stoics: The universe IS the deity
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11
Q

What did advances in observational astronomy cause in terms of the number and nature of the heavens?

A
  • 7 planets now visible: This means 7 different heavens one can ascend to
  • Astral immortality for enlightened souls (stars)
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12
Q

What are the 5 ages of Hesiod’s human decline?

A
  1. Gold
  2. Silver
  3. Bronze
  4. Heroic
  5. Iron
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13
Q

What was the Etruscan view on the end of time?

A
  • They believed that history was divided into 10 saeculas
  • After the 10th saecula is over, history will end
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14
Q

Which of his 5 ages did Hesiod believe to be the worst to exist in?

A

Iron Age

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15
Q

What is a saecula?

A
  • A period of time/age in Etruscan terms (roughly a human’s life 100-110 yrs)
  • Etruscans believed there were 10 saeculas in time
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16
Q

In Zoroastrianism, the created universe would last for _______ years.

A

9000 years

(1200 years divided into 4 periods of 3000 years)(The first 3 thousand years predates the created universe)

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17
Q

The Zoroastirans believed that Ahura Mazda and Ahriman had existed for ___________ years before humans came in.

A

3000 years

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18
Q

How will the universe end in Zoroastrian theology?

A

With a cataclysmic showdown between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman after the 90000 years is up.

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19
Q

In later Judaism, human history is limited to ___ generations.

A

10 generations

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20
Q

How many milleniums did early Christians believe humans had to exist? When was the final millenium?

A

6 milleniums of human existance, early christians believed they were living in the final 6th

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21
Q

What is eschatology?

A
  • The theory of what happens after the end of all things and what is the ultimate goal of history
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22
Q

What is the eschatology of late Judaism?

A
  • The reestablishement of the Dynasty of David and the overthrow of all rival powers (i.e Greeks rulers)
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23
Q

What is the Zoroastrian eschatology?

A
  • Trials and Tribulations
  • A saviour at the end the last 3 millennia
  • Immortality for those who survive
  • Resurrection for those who die
  • All will restart again in a cycle
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24
Q

Why do the Greeks not have a defined eschatology?

A
  • Because they believe that though nature can be destroyed, the world is ultimately indestructible
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25
Q

Why did Romans not have a defined eschatology?

A
  • Because they believed that the Roman Empire would never end
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26
Q

What is the Greco-Roman Stoic eschatology?

A
  • A Great Cosmic Fire to purify the cosmos
  • Possibly, followed by a restart of the universe
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27
Q

What are the 2 ways in which we map rituals?

A
  1. Linear (a journey from birth to death) ex. baptism, communion, confirmation, mariage, last rites)
  2. Cyclical (Yearly things, like birthdays)
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28
Q

What were the 2 types of spaces that sacntuaries were placed at?

A
  1. Liminal places (Borders, city gates, etc.)
  2. Numinous places (Mountain tops, sites of epiphanes, etc.)(Places that inexplicabely feel special)
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29
Q

How did the Mesopotamians mythologize their sanctuary/temple sites?

A
  • Each city made it so their patron god journeyed to a specific santuary or temple from another, wether inside or outside city limits
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30
Q

What is the Duku in Ancient Mesopotamia?

A
  • The primordial mound of the universe
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31
Q

Ziggurats are meant to be representations of the _______

A

Duku (Primordial Mound)

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32
Q

Generally, in Ancient Egypt, which cities in particular had the most sacred status?

A
  • Whichever city currently with the most power
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33
Q

Why is Egypt so sacred according to myth?

A
  • Set murdered Osiris and scattered the 42 pieces of his body, 1 for each nomes (region) of Egypt
  • Isis then has to pick up every piece and reconstruct Osiris again
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34
Q

Which 3 Egyptian cities were considered to be especially sacred?

A
  1. Heliopolis
  2. Thebes
  3. Memphis
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35
Q

What were the Khoyak Rites in Ancient Egypt?

A
  • A procession of priests would bring the 42 jars containing each a piece of Osiris’ fragmented body on a procession along the Nile
  • This symbolized the sacred integrity of Egypt as a whole
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36
Q

True or False: In Ancient Egypt, citizenship was city based, not national.

A

TRUE

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37
Q

The basic layout of the Egyptian temple was thought to have been invented by ___________

A

The Creator God (Ptah)

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38
Q

Where did deities live in Ancient Egypt?

A

In their temples

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39
Q

Describe the layout of Ancient Egyptian temples:

A
  • Many doorways
  • Each doorway marked an entrance into a new zone within the temple
  • The closer the zone is to the interior, the more sacred it is (because the god resides in the interior)
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40
Q

What were Ugarits?

A

3 Deities forming a family

  • A Syro-Canaanite thing, later adopted by the Greeks and Romans
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40
Q

In Anatolia, what, typically, marked the entrance into a sacntuary?

A

A stone stelae

41
Q

What were the most sacred spots in Iran?

A

Fire Temples

42
Q

Whose temple structure did the Romans adopt theirs from?

A

The Etruscans

43
Q

What was notable about Etruscan temples?

A

Frontal access only

44
Q

When did the day begin in Mesopotamia?

A

Nightfall

45
Q

Typically, how many months were there in Mesopotamia?

A

12 (sometimes they added one)

46
Q

What schedule did Mesopotamian festivals follow?

A

The Agricultural Year

47
Q

In Mesopotamia, how were local deities celebrated during New Years?

A

In a procession through the city

48
Q

The Egyptians first adopted the 356 day/year solar calendar in the ___ millenium BC.

A

3rd

49
Q

What were the 3 seasons in Ancient Egypt?

A
  1. Inundation
  2. Emergence
  3. Heat
50
Q

What was the first festival of the year in Egypt?

A

Wepet Renpet

(New Years Day)

51
Q

What festival commemorated the sacred
connection between the pharaoh and his holy father Amun-Re?

A

Festival of Opet

52
Q

What is the new format for festivals in Greco-Roman Egypt?

A
  • An Iconographic procession
  • BBQ
  • Sailing down the Nile
53
Q

True or False: Roman military victories are celebrated religiously in the Egyptian calendar

A

TRUE

54
Q

What accompanied religious sacrifices in Greco-Roman EGYPT?

A

Mythological reeanactments

55
Q

Which festival was celebrated every 7 years in Syria Canaan?

A

Zukru

Dedicated to Yam

56
Q

What was the name for the Isrealite autumn festival?

A

Booths (Sukkot)

  • Families dine together in Sukkats
  • Celebrated for 7 days
  • People must go on pilgramage to Jerusalem
57
Q

True or False: The very entirety of space time was sacred in ancient Iran

A

TRUE

58
Q

Daily liturgies by priests in Iran typically lasted:

A

2.5 hours a day

59
Q

What was the name for the New Year festival in Iran?

A

Nawruz

60
Q

True or False: In Etruria, each city had its own seperate schedule of festivals.

A

TRUE

61
Q

When does the year begin in ancient Athens?

A

Late August

62
Q

How does the month begin in ancient Greece?

A

With the sighting of a new moon

63
Q

In Ancient Greece, festivals tend to be in the ___________ of the month.

A

First half of the month

64
Q

True or False: In Ancient Greece, no city state had identical calendars.

A

TRUE

65
Q

When did the day begin in Ancient Greece?

A

at sunset

66
Q

Define Temenos

A

A sanctuary (etymologically meaning “Cut off”)

67
Q

Define Horoi

A

Boundaries to the sactuary

68
Q

Where could a Greek sanctuary be placed?

A

Pretty much anywhere

69
Q

What are fasti days in Rome?

A
  • Days open for normal human action
70
Q

What are nefasti days in Rome?

A
  • Days NOT open for normal human action, but rather, festivals for the Gods
71
Q

What were the Feriae?

A

Roman festival days during which the gods were honoured and all business, (especially lawsuits) was suspended

72
Q

In which Roman festival did naked young men whip women to make certain of their fertility?

A

Lupercalia

73
Q

In Rome, who marked off spaces for sacred use?

A

Augurs

74
Q

What is the name for a Roman sacred
space that must be consecrated
as such by an augur?

A

Tempulum

(Latin term referring to a sacred sanctuary or shrine that was consecrated by a member of the priesthood for religious purposes.)

75
Q

What was a pomeranium?

A

A religious boundary around the city of Rome and cities controlled by Rome.

76
Q

What was not allowed past a pomeranium?

A

Armed soldiers

77
Q

True or False: There is no real word for sin in Greek or Roman.

A

TRUE

78
Q

In Ancient Egypt, what were the 2 forms of evil?

A
  1. Iwwit: Disorder
  2. Isfet: Chaos
79
Q

In Later Egypt, what becomes the blanket word for all sin?

A

bwt (isfet)

80
Q

In ancient Egypt, where is physical purity focused?

A

The Mouth

81
Q

In Egypt, physical purity can be attained through: (3)

A
  1. Ablutions of water
  2. Ablutions of Incense
  3. Natron salt
82
Q

What is sin in Syria Canaan?

A

Transgressions against the gods

83
Q

What is the primary objective of purity institutions in Syria-Canaan?

A
  • To protect against defilement of a deities sacred space
84
Q

True or False: In Syria Canaan, it is ok to sin, for you can build your way back up.

A

TRUE

85
Q

How are communal impurities removed in ancient Israel?

A

Scapegoating

86
Q

Who is Azazel?

A

A demon charged with a new job; that of bearing evil and sins

87
Q

What causes impurity in Israel?

A

cultic defilement AND by immoral activities

88
Q

How is purification attained in Israel?

A

Purification by sprinkling water mixed with the ashes of a red heifer

89
Q

True or False: In Anatolia, it is the action of murder, NOT the blood itself that defiles you.

A

TRUE

90
Q

True or False: In Anatolia, Menstruation DOES NOT count as a sin.

A

TRUE

91
Q

Was childbirth a polluting activity in ancient Anatolia?

A

Pregnancy and childbirth were polluting activities for the mother that required sequestration, purifying and apotropaic rituals for mother and baby before they can re-enter the community

92
Q

Describe the polluting nature of spitting in Anatolia?

A
  • The act of spitting purifies the body, BUT the spit itself is polluting (whatever the spit lands on is tainted)
93
Q

In Greece, pollution is directly related to :

A

The spilling of blood in murder

94
Q

How was pollution cleansed in Greece?

A
  • Community cleansing
95
Q

What causes pollution in Rome?

A
  • Any problems with the Pax Deorum
96
Q

When things went wrong in Ancient Rome, it was often attributed to:

A

An error or oversight in a ritual (even a priest stuttering)

97
Q

What was the solution to an error in a ritual in Rome?

A

Just redo it (sometimes a whole festival)

98
Q

In Rome, a notion of collective guilt resulting on the misdeeds of an individual first emerged during:

A

The civil war period 1st c. BC

(example: Crassus’ greed is makes Rome colelctively guilty)

99
Q

Define: Lectesternium

A

A meal offered to the gods in Ancient Rome

100
Q

In Greek myth, in what 2 ways can nature be destroyed?

A

Fire
Flood

101
Q

Sanctuaries: Why were they placed there and why?

A
  • Liminal places, national borders, city gates, etc
  • Numinous places: Mountain tops, sites of epiphanies (from Latin word Numen, meaning a special, maybe divine presence in a special place)
  • Gradations of space: different degrees of sanctuary access for different sorts of people (ex. Only the priestess can enter, the rest have to stay out in the courtyard)
  • A way of marking territory

Final: Ancient Religions (6 decks)

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