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Final: Ancient Religions > Week 10: Life's Big Questions > Flashcards

Week 10: Life's Big Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Before which battle did Constantine see a vision of the cross in the sky?

A

Milvian Bridge, 312 AD

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2
Q

What did Constantine’s vision tell him to do before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge?

A
  • Conquer by this
  • So, he changes the eagle insignia on his soldiers shields, and replace it with a Chi-Rho
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3
Q

True or False: even after his conversion, Constantine displayed pagan symbols on his coins

A

TRUE

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4
Q

How did Justinian’s plague begin?

A

Fleas on rats that boarded ships to Egypt

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5
Q

What is thought to be the worst year of existence during Justinian’s reign?

A

542 AD

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6
Q

Who ruled on behalf of Justinian when he was sick with plague?

A

His wife, Empress Theodora

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7
Q

How did many interpret Justinian’s plague?

A

As the wrath and fury of God

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8
Q

True or False: In Ancient Egypt, there was no distinction between Philosophy and Religion.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Where does the word Theology derive from, etymologically speaking?

A

Theos (God)

Logos (Word, Thought)

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10
Q

Where is Philosophy unusually secular?

A

Greece

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11
Q

In Mesopotamia, why are humans thought to have been created?

A

Humans are created solely to serve and worship the gods

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12
Q

What is Theodicy

A

An attempt to justify the existence of evil and wrong despite the existence of an all-rightous God(s)

  • AKA Why do God(s) let bad things happen to good people
  • Theos (God)
  • Dike (justice)
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13
Q

What was the actual natural phenomenon Constantine likely saw, which he subsequently interpreted as a cross?

A

A sun dog

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14
Q

Which civilization interprets the gods’ actions with regard to theodicy, as being simply incomprehensible?

A

Mesopotamia

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15
Q

In Mesopotamia, how is human frailty and evil nature explained?

A
  • Since all humans are made from the blood of the slain rebel god, Quingu
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16
Q

Generally, what pattern of thought did the Mesopotamians adopt in times of trouble?

A

Passive Fatalism

“Let Marduk and Nabu slay your enemies and take care of it”

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17
Q

How is Theodicy explained in Syria-Canaan?

A

Combat between God and Monster explains why things happen the way they do

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18
Q

How did the Hittites explain Theodicy?

A

Gods safeguard the righteous, but if they suffer misfortune, it is due to some accidental transgression or negative energy sent their way by a demon or sorcerer

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19
Q

Explain the Greek view on Theodicy, as explained by Homer in the Illiad:

A
  • Zeus has 2 jars
  • One is good, the other is bad
  • The best humans can hope for, is a sprinkling of both, rather than just the bad one.
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20
Q

Who said that the gods exist, but they don’t care about us?

A

Xenophanes of Colophon

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21
Q

What is Agnosticism?

A
  • Not knowing one way or the other
  • Gods could exist, or they may not, there is no way of knowing
22
Q

What is Proselytizing?

A

Winning over converts

23
Q

Generally in the ancient world, obligation of religion is by actions NOT _________.

A

NOT faith

24
Q

Who was one of the earliest Greek skeptics?

A

Xenophanes

25
Q

What did Xenophanes say about the gods?

A
  • That WE made gods in OUR OWN IMAGE not the other way around
  • He also references other gods, (ex. blue-eyed red haired Thracian gods)
26
Q

Describe how YHWH punishes:

A
  • He punishes through foreign instruments (ex. foreign invaders or occupiers)
  • Those who repent, will be saved
27
Q

Define: Evocatio

A

A ritual by which gods of a conquered people were invited back to Rome for cult worship and protection

28
Q

True or False: the founding myth of the She-Wolf and Romulus and Remus are actually old Etruscan stories

A

TRUE

29
Q

What does Livy consider to be Rome’s worst downfall and vice?

A

Luxury and Greed

30
Q

Who was famously against foreign religions in Rome?

A

Cato

31
Q

What foreign god did the adolescent emperor Eligabalus introduce to Rome?

A

Eligabal

(From Helios + Baal) (Heliogabalus)

Origin: Syria

32
Q

What did Eligabalus call himself?

A

Priest of Eligabal

33
Q

Define Sol Invictus:

A

The unconquered son

34
Q

What was the Pharaoh’s main religious role?

A

The middle man between the gods and the human world

35
Q

What title was bestowed upon the heir to the Pharaoh?

A

Son of Ra

36
Q

When do most Pharaoh’s become fully divine?

A

After death

37
Q

Why did common people really like Osiris?

A

Because they felt Osiris could grant them a nice afterlife, otherwise difficult to attain

38
Q

In which period did grave robbing become rampant in Egypt?

A

Middle Kingdom

39
Q

The Priests power and influence began to rise in the ____________ period.

A

Middle Kingdom

40
Q

What was the Amarna Revolution?

A
  • Revolution in which Akhenaten installed Aten as a monotheistic god of Egypt
  • He supressed all cults that didn’t worship Aten
41
Q

Who reversed the Amarna Revolution?

A

Tutankhamen

42
Q

During the time Egypt was fragmented, Upper Egypt was controlled by _______________

A

High Priest of Amun

(Highest priestly title)

43
Q

What was the High Priest of Amun ?

A
  • Had much more power than the Pharaoh
  • Controlled upper Egypt
  • Capital was Thebes
44
Q

Who famously claimed that ALL gods chose him to rule?

A

Cyrus II

45
Q

What marks the death of Zoroastrianism?

A

The death of the last Sassanian king

46
Q

What 3 Spartans were given a hero cult?

A

Lycurgus

Brasidas

Lysander

47
Q

Define: Apotheosis

A

The elevation of a mortal to deified status

48
Q

Which mortals often received cult worship in Ancient Greece?

A

Oikistai (founders of colonies)

49
Q

What Hellenistic ruler insisted upon being a God in his own lifetime?

A

Antiochus IV

50
Q

Who was the last Roman emperor to be deified?

A

Constantine

51
Q

Where at Delphi were Roman Emperors worshipped?

A

The Tholos

52
Q

Which ruler worshipped himself at the Tholos at Olympia?

A

Philip II

Final: Ancient Religions (6 decks)

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