Week 8 [Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Research]

Question 1

Cross-sectional:

Answer 1

A type of study in which data is collected at a single point in time from a sample or population, used to examine relationships between variables or differences between groups.

Question 2

Longitudinal:

Answer 2

A research design that involves repeated observations or measurements of the same individuals or groups over an extended period of time to examine changes and development.

Question 3

cohort

Answer 3

A group of individuals who share a common characteristic, such as age or experience, often studied over time in longitudinal research.

Question 4

Cohort Effects

Answer 4

Differences in findings or behaviors that can arise from the specific characteristics or experiences of a cohort, which may not apply to other groups.

Question 5

Cross-generational Problem

Answer 5

A challenge in longitudinal studies where findings from one generation may not be applicable or comparable to another, due to generational differences in culture, environment, or technology.

Question 6

Practice Effects / Test Effects

Answer 6

Changes in participants’ performance over time due to repeated testing, such as becoming more familiar with the test or task.

Question 7

Selective Survival:

Answer 7

A bias in longitudinal studies where participants who drop out over time are different from those who remain, potentially skewing the results.

Question 8

Attrition / Selective Dropout:

Answer 8

The loss of participants over the course of a study, especially when certain individuals drop out for specific reasons that may affect the generalizability of the results.

Question 9

Accelerated Longitudinal Study

Answer 9

A design that combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, observing different age groups or cohorts over shorter periods to infer developmental trends.

Question 10

Cross-lagged Correlations

Answer 10

Statistical analysis used in longitudinal studies to examine the direction of relationships between variables over time, helping to determine cause-and-effect links.

Question 11

Prospective

Answer 11

A research design in which participants are followed over time to observe future outcomes based on baseline data.

Question 12

Retrospective

Answer 12

A research design where data is collected by looking back at past experiences, often using records or participant recall, to examine how past events influence current outcomes.