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Neuroanatomy- Term 2 > Week 8- Basal And Limbic > Flashcards

Week 8- Basal And Limbic Flashcards

1
Q

List components of basal ganglia

A

• Caudate nucleus• Putamen•
Globus pallidus (externus and internus)•
Subthalamic nucleus and• Substantia nigra

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2
Q

Where is putamen located

A

Central of basal ganglia

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3
Q

Where is nucleus accumbens

A

Inferior and anterior of basal ganglia

Superior section to amygdala

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4
Q

Where is lateral ventricle

A

Posterior and behind cellular bridges

Looks like helicopter plant

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5
Q

Where is amygdala

A

Inferior on basal ganglia. Most anterior inferiority
Anterior to tail of caudate (at end of tail)

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6
Q

List functions of basal ganglia

A

• Control of voluntary movements (facilitates and/or inhibits motor activity)•

Determine how rapidly a movement is to be performed and how large themovement must be•

Decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity•

Regulate the muscle tone and thus helps in smoothening the voluntarymotor activities•

Control automatic associated movements, like swinging of arms duringwalking Pyramidal Tract

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7
Q

Name excitatory neurotransmitter

A

GLUTAMATE

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8
Q

Name inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

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9
Q

What is direct pathways

A

Initiates movement (increase motor activity)

Comes straight into thalamus

Motor cortex
Striatum
Internus
Thalamus

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10
Q

What is MSIT used for and what does it stand for

A

Shows the direct pathway for gLUTAMATE

Motor cortex
Striatum
Internus
Thalamus

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11
Q

What is the indirect pathway

A

• Terminates movement (inhibits/ decreases movement)•

MS EN IT (Mnemonic)or• Comes Straight,Exits, then Sidesteps Into Thalamus-

Motor Cortex-
Striatum-
Externus-
Nucleus (Subthalamic)- Internus
-thalamus

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12
Q

What is MS EN IT used for and what does it stand for

A

Indirect pathway

Motor cortex
Striatum
External
Nucleus (subthalamic)
Internus
Thalamus

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13
Q

What turns on motor cortex and what turns it off

A

Direct = turns on motor cortex
Thalami’s motor planning

Indirect= turning off motor cortex
Activation of inhibition

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14
Q

list clinical aspects for direct and indirect pathways

A

• Tremors, Athetosis, Chorea•
Parkinson’s disease• Huntington’s disease• Tourette’s syndrome

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15
Q

What is athetoid

A

Involuntary movements
Slow and tithing sitar muscle and extremities

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16
Q

What is chorea

A

Jerky movements
Non repetitive

17
Q

what is hemiballismus

A

Violent movement confined to one side of the body

Proximal extremities of shoulder and pelvic girdle

18
Q

What is Parkinson’s

A

Impairmtne of voluntary movement
Delay in movements
Rigidity
Termor

S-shuffling gait
M-mask like facies
A- Bradykineasia
R- rigidity
T- tremor

19
Q

What is cause of Parkinson

A

Lesion to substania nigra and nigostriatal pathway which uses dopamine as neurot

Cellular loss + depigmentation in substantia nigra

20
Q

What is substantia nigra

A

Critical brain region for production of dopamine

21
Q

What is Limbic system a part of

A

Cortical and subcortical structures that form a ring around upper end of brainstem

22
Q

Name cortical structure of Limbic system

A

• Limbic lobe : cingulate gyrus,uncus (olfactory cortex), insula• Hippocampu

23
Q

List sub cortical structures of Limbic system

A

Amygdala
Diencephaloin, hypothalamus and thalamus

24
Q

What is the role of Limbic system

A

Homeostatic functions
Olfaction
Memory
Emotions and drives

25
Q

Where is homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

What is homeostasis involved with

A

-body rhythms (day length via optical)
-release ADH reducing vol of urine when blood h20 drops
-releases lepton too reduce feeling of hunger when full
-release gherkin when hungry
-increase body temp to help immune system fight off pathogens
-^ production of cortisol for physical activity in stress
-thyroid hormones produced for metabolism
-oxytocin release doe interpersonal bonds. Sex and childbirth

27
Q

What is olfaction and how does it help

A

T he olfactory system transmits sense of smell from olfactoryepithelium of nasal mucosa to the olfactory cortex of the brain•

• Olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerves•
Olfactory bulb, tract and striae• Olfactory cortical areas.

28
Q

Where are olfactory cortical areas

A

• Primary olfactory cortex on the same side which located in theuncus on the inferomedial surface of the temporal lobe•

Some fibres connect with the limbic system•

The entorhinal area receives fibres profusely from primary olfactorycortex, hence it is sometimes called secondary olfactory cortex

29
Q

Where is olfaction

A

Olfactory cortex

30
Q

Where is memory

A

Hippocampus

31
Q

What is hippocampus

A

Brain structure embedded in temporal lobe

• Curved elevation of grey matter•
Resembles a seahorse in coronal section•
Function – recent memory, processing long term memory andemotional response

32
Q

What is memory split into

A

Short term- 5-9 items

Long term- infinite
Distributed network of neurons spread across outer layers of
brain

33
Q

Where is emotions

A

Amygdala

34
Q

How does amygdala affect Limbic system

A

Tastes all stimuli and signals to produce appropriate emotional reactions

Distinct regions called nuclei, generate different kinds of responses to fear

Fear is main emotion that amhygdala controls

Central neucleus- freezing
Basal nuclei- flight

Nuclei affecte by sex hormones

35
Q

What is the difference between cortical and subcortical

A

Cortex= higher level functions. Decision making and language

Subcortex= beneath cortex. Primitive functions e.g. emotions in amygdala

36
Q

where is substantia nigra located

A

midbrain

37
Q

what is located in forebrain

A

motor cortex
caudate nucelus
putamen
subthalamic nuceli
globbulus palidus

38
Q

describe the slow and accurate route of processing emotion

A

thalamus
sensory cortex ( extensively processed. takes time)
hippocampus (process consciously percied into form memories. compoares signals to previosu memories)

39
Q

describe the quick route for processing emotion

A

thalamus
amygdala(emotional importance of stimuli is assessed)
-rapidy sends signals)

hypothalamus (hormonal changes. fight or flight)

Neuroanatomy- Term 2 (11 decks)

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