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Neuroanatomy- Term 2 > Week 4- Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Week 4- Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is white matter

A

Mixture of nerve fibres,neuroglia, blood vessels

Myelinated- white colour

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2
Q

Name 1st order neuron

A

Cerebral cortex

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3
Q

name 2nd order neuron

A

Internucial neuron in anterior grey column

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4
Q

Name 3rd order neuron

A

Motor neurons in anterior grey column of spinal cord

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A

-inner core is grey matter
-H shaped pillar with anterior and posterior columns/horns
-small central canal
-surrounded by outer white matter
-divided into anterior, lateral and posterior white columns

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6
Q

What is grey matter proportional to

A

The amount of muscle innervated at that level

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7
Q

Where is grey matter largest

A

Cervical and lumbosacral region

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8
Q

What does grey matter consist of

A

Nerve cells
Neuroglia
Blood vessels

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9
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement

A

4th C- 2T

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10
Q

Where is limbo-sacral enlargement

A

2 L- 3S cord segment

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11
Q

How many spinal nerves are attached to spinal cord

A

31 pairs

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12
Q

What are spinal nerves attatched to

A

Anterior/ ventral (motor roots)

Posterior/dorsal (sensory roots)

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13
Q

what does each spinal posterior nerve possess

A

Posterior root GANGLION

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14
Q

What are ganglia

A

Clusters of nerve cell bodies that carry nerve signals to and from CNS

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15
Q

What are sensory ganglia

A

Ovoid shape with an oval cell body

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16
Q

What are motor ganglia

A

They form a long chain in the spine from the base of skull to tail.
Irregular shaped cell bodies

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17
Q

What do anterior + posterior Ramus have

A

Sensory fibres and motor fibres

18
Q

s anterior or posterior ramus larger

A

Anterior= larger
Posterior= smaller

19
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

Collection of nerves at the end of spinal cord

20
Q

What is the size of cervical and thoracic canal

A

Cervical= large
T= small

21
Q

Describe problems with paraplegic

A

Limited mobility
Chronic pain
Reduced bowel and bladder function
Loss of sexual function
Loss of muscle tone in legs
Weight gain

22
Q

What level is quadriplegic paralysis

A

Cervical

23
Q

Name problems with quadriplegic

A

-Limited / complete absence of arm/hand function
-Problems speaking, swallowing or breathing without assistance
-difficulty performing daily tasks, dressing, eating
-muscle tone loss
-loss of bone density

24
Q

List levels of spinal cord injury

A

A= complete injury. No function or sensation at the end of the cord

B=sensory incomplete. Sensory but not motor function retained

C=motor incomplete. Motor function is present to the end of spinal cord.

D= muscle function below level of injury is against gravity

E= normal

25
Q

What cells control spinal cord function

A

Long axons
Sensory neurons
Spinal interneurons

26
Q

Describe how long axons assist in spinal cord function

A

Control skeletal muscles in neck torso and limbs called motor neurons

27
Q

Describe how sensory neurons assist in spinal cord function

A

Dorsal root ganglia cells/ afferent cary info from bidy to spinal cord. Found outside spinal cord

28
Q

Describe how spinal interneurons assist in spinal cord function

A

Cells that help integrate sensory info with generate coordinated signals that control muscles, lie within spinal cord

29
Q

Describe myelin

A

-white fatty substance produced by Schwann cells
-outer nerves coated with myelin (white matter)
-inner spinal cord nerves not coated with myelin (grey matter)

30
Q

Describe peripheral nerves

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

Consist of parallel bundles of fibres that may be efferent of afferent axons

Surrounded by ct sheaths

31
Q

Define reflex

A

Involuntary response to stimulus

32
Q

What does a reflex arc consist of

A

Receptor organ

Afferent neuron

Control centre

Efferent neuron

Effector organ

33
Q

What can reflexes be used to test

A

Any abnormalities in sensory pathways (CNS, PNS)

Lesions in reflex arc and level of lesion

Absent reflex and sensory loss- afferent arc of reflex

Absent reflex with paralysis - efferent arc

34
Q

Describe stretch reflex

A

Monosynaptic
Most rapid
Simple reflex arc with a single synapse between afferent and efferent neuron

Example- patella reflex. Muscle spindles

35
Q

Describe flexor withdrawal

A

Autonomic response, withdrawing a limb from a painful stimulus

Intensity of reflex proportionate to intensity of stimulus

Polysynaptic reflex- uses interneurons

Passes signals from sensory to motor neurons- creating multiple synaptic connections

36
Q

Describe the process of flexor reflex

A

-step on stimulus
-fibres send signal to spinal cord
-interneurons branch to different spinal cord segments
-motor figures in several segments are activated
-more than 1 muscle group activated to lift foot off stimulus

37
Q

Describe babinski reflexes

A

PLANATR REFLEX- (tool put under foot middle). Curling of toes is healthy in adults

Babinski sign (positive babinski reflex) occurs in absence of descending inhibition. It is normal in infants, but pathological in adults

38
Q

Name 2 arteries that supply blood to the spinal cord

A

Anterior and posterior spinal arteries

39
Q

Why is the circle of Willis circle shaped

A

Avoid blockages to supply the brain of bloody.
Other ways to allow blood to enter

40
Q

Function of circle of Willis

A

Provide blood flow between A and P circulations of the brain

protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas.

41
Q

Name arteries that form circle of Willis

A

Posterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery

Neuroanatomy- Term 2 (11 decks)

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