Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbial World > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

To live together in a relationship which is mutually beneficial to the host and the microbe, or harmful to the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define mutualism

A

Both members benefit from the symbiotic relationship and in some cases need each other for survival.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define commensalism

A

One of the organisms in he symbiotic relationship benefits without affecting the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define parasitism in terms of symbiosis.

A

A parasite benefits from its host without harming it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of relationships do microbiota in the normal flora have with the body?

A

Mutualistic and commensal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many different types of microbiota are in the normal human flora?

A

400-1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 types of Indigenous microbiota?

A

Resident microbiota

Transient microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are indigenous microbiota?

A

They reside inside the body but rarely cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are resident microbiota?

A

They are specially adapted t live in the body and are unique to each individual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main function of resident bacteria?

A

Compete out foreign bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long can transient microbiota survive in the body for ?

A

Hours to months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can’t transient microbiota survive in the body long term?

A

There is alot of competition from other microorganisms.

They are often eliminated by the body’s immune system.

Affected by chemical and physical changes in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

An infection caused by a pathogen that takes advantage of an opportunity that is not usually available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give examples of circumstances which may allow opportunistic pathogens to cause disease.

A

Immune suppression
Changes in normal microbiota
Incorrect location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the presence of microbiota in the nose

A

Very unique microbiota because it is cooler than the rest of the respiratory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the presence of microbiota in the trachea and bronchi

A

Sparse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the presence of microbiota in the alveoli

A

No microbiota present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the presence of microbiota in the vagina

A

Change as acidity changes in the vagina during the menstruations cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why can’t extensive colonisation of microbiota occur at the urethra?

A

The flow of urine prevents this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are there few microbiota in the eyes compared to the skin?

A

They are washed away by tears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What prevents a foetus having any microbiota?

A

The presence of the amniotic fluid and use of the mothers immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When the amniotic sac breaks, how does microbiota enter a baby?

A

Enters the mouth and nose of the baby via the birth canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At what stage can microbiota begin to enter the intestines of a baby?

A

Once it has consumed its first meal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How quickly are resident microbiota established on a human body?

A

Within the first months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define Pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Virulence

A

A measure of pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define contamination

A

The mere presence of microorganisms in or on the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define infection

A

Invasion of the body by a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism with the ability to cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

A variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter, adhere, gain access to nutrients and escape detection from the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the events of infection?

A

Exposure to the pathogen.

Adhere to skin or mucosa.

Invasion through epithelium.

Colonisation and growth.

Tissue damage and disease.

32
Q

What are the possible portals of entry on the human body for a microorganism?

A 
Broken skin
Insect bite site
Anus
Urethra
Vagina / Penis
Placenta
Mouth 
Nose Conjuctiva of eye
Ear
33
Q

What are the main portals of entry for microbiota on the human body?

A

Mucous membranes

34
Q

What parts of the human body do mucous membranes cover?

A

All exposed body cavites

35
Q

What is meant by ‘adhesion’ in terms of macrobiotic infection?

A

Attachment to cells

36
Q

What are adhesions in bacteria?

A

Surface lipoproteins or glycoproteins the bin to host cell receptors.

37
Q

What type of molecule on the surfaces of microbiomes bind to host cells?

A

Lipoproteins or glycoproteins

38
Q

Where are adhesions in bacteria found?

A

In the Fimbriae and flagella

39
Q

What is created when bacteria colonise at a site?

A

A biofilm

40
Q

What is used to carry out invasion by microbiomes?

A

Extracellular enzymes or toxins

41
Q

What are the 2 categories of toxins?

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

42
Q

Outline how Hyaluronidase and Collagenase enzymes invade host cells

A

Bacteria reach the epithelial surface of the host cells and release Hyaluronidase and Collagenase. These cause the epithelial cells to move apart and allow bacteria to invade deeper into the cell.

43
Q

Explain how bacteria use Coagulase and Kinase to aid infection.

A

Bacteria produce Coagulase which causes a clot to form on the edge of blood vessels. Bacteria then produce Kinase which dissolves the clot and releases bacteria into the blood stream.

44
Q

What are bacterial exotoxins?

A

They are secreted by the bacterial cell wall

45
Q

Give examples of bacterial exotoxins.

A

Cytotoxins
Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins

46
Q

What are bacterial endotoxins?

A

They are part of the bacterial cell all.

47
Q

Give an example of a bacterial endotoxin

A

LIPID A

48
Q

How do exotoxins from bacteria cause issues with host cells?

A

They directly kill host cells

49
Q

How do endotoxins from bacteria cause issues within host cells?

A

They induce effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhoea, shock and blood coagulation.

50
Q

What is required for colonisation and growth of bacteria which have invaded a host?

A

Antiphagocytic factors

51
Q

Give examples of antiphagocytic factors

A

Capsules

Antiphagocytic chemicals

52
Q

What does the host’s immune system use to fight invading microbiomes?

A

Phagocytes

53
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A layer of polysaccharide around a bacterial cell.

54
Q

Why do the capsules of Bacteria not trigger an immune response from host cells?

A

They have the same polysaccharides in their capsule as are found in the body naturally.

55
Q

What virulence factors are associated with exposure of the host to a pathogen during infection?

A

None

56
Q

What virulence factors are associated with adherence to skin or mucosa during infection?

A

Adhesins and biofilms

57
Q

What virulence factors are associated with invasion through epithelium during infection?

A

Extracellular enzymes and toxins

58
Q

What virulence factors are associated with colonisation and growth during infection?

A

Capsules and anti-phagocytic chemicals

59
Q

What are symptoms of disease?

A

They are subjective but frequently cause nausea.

60
Q

What are the signs of disease?

A

They are objective but can often be measured.

e.g. vomitting

61
Q

What is meant by the term ‘syndrome’?

A

A group of signs and symptoms.

62
Q

What are the stages of infectious disease?

A 
Incubation period. 
Prodromal period. 
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
63
Q

What is the incubation period of an infectious disease?

A

There are no signs and symptoms of the disease

64
Q

What does the length of the incubation period of an infectious disease depend on?

A

Virulence of pathogen.
Infective disease.
Host immunity.
Site of infection.

65
Q

What is the incubation period of influenza ?

A

About 1 day

66
Q

What is the incubation period of AIDS?

A

1-8 years

67
Q

What is the incubation period of leprosy?

A

10 to 30 years

68
Q

How long does the prodromal period of an infectious disease last?

A

Short time

69
Q

What are the generalised symptoms of the prodromal stage of an infectious disease?

A

Malaise and muscle ache

70
Q

What is Malaise?

A

General feelings of discomfort or illness of which the exact cause is difficult t identify.

71
Q

Do all infections have a prodromal period?

A

No

72
Q

What is the most severe stage of infectious disease?

A

Illness

73
Q

What is happening during the ‘illness’ stage of an infectious disease?

A

The signs and symptoms are most evident and the patients immune system has not fully responded yet.

74
Q

What happens during the decline phase of infectious disease?

A

The patients body return to normal as the immune response or medical treatment defeats the pathogen.
This causes symptoms to subside.

75
Q

In what stage of infection does the immune response peak ?

A

During define

76
Q

What is the ‘convalescence’ period of infection?

A

The patient recovers and tissues are repaired.

77
Q

What determines the length of time that the convalescence period of infection lasts?

A

Amount of damage caused.
Nature of the pathogen.
Site of infection.
Overall well-being of the patient.

Microbial World (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions