Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbial World > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the easy method for multiplying powers of 10?

A

Add the powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the easy method for dividing powers of ten?

A

Subtract the powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the easy method for subtracting powers of 10?

A

Divide the powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the easy method for adding powers of ten?

A

Multiply them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many nm in diameter is a red blood cell?

A

10000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many nm in length is E.Coli?

A

3000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many nm in length is Ebola?

A

970nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many nm in length is Adenovirus?

A

90nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a viable count?

A

A sample is often diluted if it is too concentrated to allow a viable count. Used to investigate number of living cells in a culture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do serial dilutions allow for?

A

Countable investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are spread plates used for?

A

To calculate how many bacteria are in a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would the ideal dilution of a bacterial sample produce upon investigation?

A

30-300 colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In a sample of 1ml with a 10^-6 dilution, 250 Bacteria are present. What was the original bacterial colony?

Show your working out?

A

250 x10^6

2.5 x10^8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference in the bacterial count between a 1ml and a 0.1ml plate?

A

The 0.1ml plate will have a 10x greater bacterial count.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are serial dilutions on bacteria?

A

Adding measured amounts of buffer to a bacterial solution to a level where they can be easily counted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the formula for finding the amount of colony forming units per ml of a solution?

A

(Number of colonies x inverse dilution) / volume of sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is often used to identify the number of colonies in a very high cfu sample?

A

Log cfu/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Approximately how many species of Protozoa exist?

A

65000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are most Protozoa pathogenic or not?

A

Not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do most Protozoa live?

A

Freely in the water or in the soil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the cellularity of most protozoa species.

A

Unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What types of locomotive structures can protozoa contain?

A

Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the motile feeding stage of the protozoan life cycle called?

A

Trophozoite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the dormant resting stage of a Protozoan life cycle called?

A

Cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do Protozoa reproduce?

A

Asexually or sexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the Protozoa when moving from the Trophozoite phase to becoming a cyst?

A

It is dried and nutrient sources are reduced. The cell also rounds up, loses motility and forms a thick wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to a Protozoa when moving from the cyst back into the Trophozoite phase?

A

The cyst wall breaks open as moisture and nutrient sources are restored. This re-activates the Trophozoite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can also be present to work alongside a flagella in Protozoa to aid locomotion?

A

Amoeboid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What disease does Trypoanosome Brucei cause?

A

Sleeping sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 type of Amoeboid Protozoa?

A

Amoeba and Radiolarian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the features of Amoeba protozoa?

A

They form Pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the features of Radiolarian Amoeboid protozoa?

A

They are shelled ameba which undergo Entamoeba Histolytics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of infections can Radiolarian Amoeba Protozoa cause?

A

Dysentery, abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, weight loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In approximately what % of the worlds population do Radiolarian Amoeboid protozoa cause symptoms?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Pseudopods and what are their purpose?

A

Temporary protections of the cytoplasm of unicellular or Eukaryotic cell membranes. Used for movement, gathering food and protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the nickname often given to ‘Pseudopods’?

A

False fee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Outline how pseudopods cause cellular movement.

A

The cell membrane pushes in one direction and the cytoplasm flows into the bulge. This allows the Protozoan to move and drags the rest of the cell behind it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the possible structures that Pseudopods can have.

A

Lobes, be blunt, be branched or be filamentous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the process by which cellular cytoplasm flows into pseudopods?

A

Ectoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the structures of Radiolarians?

A

They are Amoeboid protozoa with silica-based skeletons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where are Radiolarian Amoeboid protozoa often found?

A

In the sea as part of the zooplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Name the type of protozoa that have cilia.

A

Trophozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many nuclei do ciliated protozoa have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of ciliated protozoa?

A

Macro and micro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the purposes of the 2 nuclei in ciliated protozoa?

A

1 controls everyday functions and the other is used for reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the purpose of protozoa having cilia?

A

They help organisms move, gather food and sense environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How do ciliated protozoa reproduce?

A

By binary fission or conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Outline the parasitic ability of Apicomplexa protozoa.

A

All parasitic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How do Trophozoites move?

A

By gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How do Apicomplexa protozoa spread their parasites?

A

Produce sporozoites which are then transferred into a new host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the name for the asexual method by which protozoa reproduce?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur between Paramecium protozoa?

A

Conjugation causes 2 paramecia to join and exchange genetic material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Outline the sexual reproduction process between 2 paramecium protozoa.

A

Two paramecium individuals have surface contact.

The micronuclei divide by meiosis to produce 4 haploid micronuclei.

Three micronuclei degrade. The remaining micronucleus divides to form male and female pronuclei.

Male pronuclei are exchanged between conjugates.

Males and female pronuclei fuse and individuals separated.

Old macronuclei are absorbed and replaced by new micronuclei.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How are pathogenic protozoa frequently spread between animals and humans?

A

By insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is Zoonoses?

A

A disease which can be transferred from animals to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Where do Amoeboid Protozoa usually live?

A

In human water or food. And freely in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

In what animals are ciliated protozoa zoonotic?

A

Zoonotic in pigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is Entamoeba Histolytics?

A

Amoeba protozoa which alternate between a large trophozoite and a smaller cyst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

By what means are trophozoites motile in Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

By using pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the primary hosts of Entamoeba Histolytics infective Amoebas?

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How do infective Amoebas entered into the human body?

A

By ingestion of food or water by the human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where do cysts caused by infective amoebas often appear in humans?

A

The small intestine

63
Q

How does the small intestine affect infective amoeba protozoa and why?

A

The alkaline pH and digestive juices stimulate cysts to release trophozoites. Trophozoites then multiply, move about and feed.

64
Q

What effect does the release of Ameoba protozoa releasing enzymes have on the human body?

A

They secrete enzymes into the small intestine causing tissues to dissolve and penetration of deeper layers of mucosa also occurs.

65
Q

What is mucosa?

A

Mucous membrane

66
Q

What are the life threatening manifestations that infective amoebas can cause?

A

Hemorrhage, perforation, appendicitis and tumour like growths.

67
Q

What is Amebomas?

A

A rare complication of Entamoeba Histolytica where in response to the infection Amoeba, there is formation of annular colonic granulation which results in a large local lesion of the bowel.

68
Q

What is a lesion?

A

An ulcer, abscess or tumour

69
Q

What is the fatality rate caused by Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

10%

70
Q

What drugs are effective against Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

Iodoquinol, metronidazole, chloroquine

71
Q

Which part of the body do the amoeba ‘Naegleria Fowleri and Acanthamoeba’ affect?

A

The brain

72
Q

Where do ‘Naegleria Fowleri and Acanthamoeba’ usually live?

A

In standing water

73
Q

What contact must occur between Amoeba which cause brain infections and humans?

A

Nasal contact with infected water or with the eyes

74
Q

What is meningoencephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the membranes of the brain and adjoining cerebral tissues.

75
Q

Where is ‘Ballantidium Coli intestinal ciliate’ found?

A

In the intestines of domestic animals such as pigs and cattle.

76
Q

How is ‘Ballantidium Coli intestinal ciliate’ squired?

A

By ingesting cyst-containing food or water.

77
Q

How does ‘Ballantidium Coli intestinal ciliate’ cause symptoms in organisms that become infected?

A

Trophozoites erode the intestine and therefore cause intestinal symptoms.

78
Q

How are healthy humans affected by ‘Ballantidium Coli intestinal ciliate’?

A

They are resistant

79
Q

What are the treatments for ‘Ballantidium coli intestinal ciliate’?

A

Tetracycline, iodoquinol, nitrimidazine, metronidazole.

80
Q

Are Giardia Lamblia Flagelata pathogenic?

A

Yes

81
Q

Describe the structure of Giardia Lambila Flagelate.

A

Symmetrical heart shape with concave ventral surface.

82
Q

Describe the cysts of Giardia Lamblia.

A

Small, compact, multinucleate

83
Q

Where are reservoirs of Giardia Lamblia Flagelate found?

A

Beavers, cattle, coyotes, cats and humans.

84
Q

How long can the cysts of Giardia Lamblia Flagelate survive for?

A

2 months

85
Q

How are Giardia Lamblia usually entering the body?

A

By ingesting food or water

86
Q

How many cysts do Giardia Lambila Flagelate usually cause?

A

10-100

87
Q

Outline the pathway of Fiardia Lamblia Flagelate cysts once in the body.

A

Enter the duodenum of the stomach where they germinate and then travel to the jejunum to feed and multiply.

88
Q

What are the symptoms caused by Giardia Lamblia?

A

Giardiasis = diarrhoea and abdominal pain.

89
Q

What is giardiasis?

A

Infection of the small intestine caused by Giardia Lamblia Flagelate which results in diarrhoea and abdominal pain.

90
Q

Why is diagnosis of infections caused by Giardia Lamblia Flagelate often difficult?

A

Organism is shed in faeces intermittently.

91
Q

What treatments are used against Giardiasis?

A

Quinacrine or Metronidazole

92
Q

What are Haemoflagelates?

A

They are organisms which require hematite obtained from blood haemoglobin.

93
Q

How are Trypansome Brucei identified?

A

By their infective stage (trypomastigote) which is very long.

94
Q

Describe the cell structure of Trypanosome Brucei.

A

Spindle-shaped cell with tapered ends.

95
Q

What are the 2 types of Trypanosomiasis ?

A

T. Bruei

T. Cruzi

96
Q

What disease does T. Brucei cause?

A

African sleeping sickness

97
Q

What disease does T. Cruzi cause?

A

Chagas disease

98
Q

Where is Chagas disease endemic?

A

Central and South Africa

99
Q

How is African sleeping sickness spread?

A

By Tsetse flies

100
Q

What type of subspecies cause African sleeping sickness and in what areas do they act ?

A

T.b. gambiense - West Africa

T.b. Rhodesiense - East Africa

101
Q

How does the disease of sleeping sickness infectionst mammals?

A

The biting of the fly innoculates skin with trypomastigotes, which multiplies in blood and damages spleen, lymph nodes and brain.

102
Q

What are the symptoms of African sleeping sickness?

A

Sleep disturbances
Tremors
Paralysis
Comas

103
Q

How can African sleeping sickness be treated?

A

Melarsoprol

Eflornitine

104
Q

How many species of the malaria causing agent are there?

A

4

105
Q

What disease does ‘Apicomplexan Plasmodium Toxoplasma’ cause?

A

Malaria

106
Q

What is the primary vector of malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquitos

107
Q

how many new cases of malaria occur each year?

A

300-500 million

108
Q

How many deaths occur due to malaria each year?

A

2 million

109
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Intense cold followed by hot dry sweats and then drenching swears.

Headaches

Vomitting

110
Q

What are the long term diseases and medical issues that malaria can cause?

A

Anaemia
Cerebral malaria
Liver damage
Acute renal failure

111
Q

In Protozoa, what feature is used to protect the cell membrane?

A

Pellicle

112
Q

What is the Pellicle of Protozoa?

A

A protective Layer of proteins against the cell membrane.

113
Q

What is the product of sexual reproduction of Paramecium protozoa?

A

There are no offspring, paramecium are just genetically changed.

114
Q

Does sexual reproduction of paramecium protozoa produce offspring ?

A

No

115
Q

Why are people who wear contact lenses at greater risk of brain infections by Amoeba?

A

Contact lenses frequently scratch the cornea of the eyes, leaving scratches and eye damage sites through which Amoeba can easily enter the brain and cause infection.

116
Q

What are the differences in structure between a Trophozoite and a mature cyst of a protozoa?

A

Trophozoites have a micronucleus whereas nature cysts do not.

Trophozoites also have autosomes and cilia tufts but mature cysts do not.

Mature cysts have cyst walls but Trophozoites do not.

117
Q

How many nuclei do mature cysts have?

A

1 - macronucleus

118
Q

How many nuclei do Trophozoites have?

A

2

Macro and micro

119
Q

What features so Trophozoites have that Mature cysts do not?

A

Micronucleus, cytosine, cilia tufts.

120
Q

What features do Mature Cysts have that Trophozoites do not?

A

Cyst wall

121
Q

What infection/ disease does Giardia Lamblia Flagellate mainly cause?

A

Giardiasis

122
Q

How many strains of Trapanasome Brucei are present ?

A

2

123
Q

What type of mosquito can spread the malaria virus?

A

Anopheles females

124
Q

Why is malaria spreading north?

A

Malaria is likely to move north due to climate change and thermal increase. If temperature in the North increases, Anopheles female mosquitos may move into these areas and spread malaria.

125
Q

What is the main issue with malaria virus have an extremely complex life cycle?

A

Makes treatment very difficult

126
Q

Where is Malaria generally endemic?

A

In very poor countries

127
Q

What method is widely used to prevent spread of malaria ?

A

Mosquito nets

128
Q

What is the volume of a spread plate?

A

0.1ml

129
Q

What is the volume of a pour plate?

A

1ml

130
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

A

Lag phase
Exponential growth
Stationary phase
Death

131
Q

What occurs during the bacterial growth phase?

A

Cells are metabolically active and increase in size whilst they synthesise the enzymes and other factors required for cellular division.

132
Q

What is meant by ‘exponential’ growth of bacteria?

A

Growth of bacteria continues to increase more rapidly relative to the total quantity of bacteria present.

133
Q

Why do bacteria enter a stationary growth phase?

A

If nutrient sources are depleted so no further growth can occur.

134
Q

What are the benefits of recording optical density of a bacterial colony?

A

Allows concentration of bacteria in a sample to be recorded as a quantitative value.

135
Q

what are the negatives of recording optical density of a bacterial colony?

A

Spectrophotometers all have different optical configurations so will all show different optical densities of the same sample. Can confuse results.

136
Q

What are viable bacterial counts?

A

Viable units grow to form colonies.

137
Q

What are the positives of only counting viable bacteria?

A

This is a highly sensitive and specific technique

138
Q

What are the issues with counting only viable bacteria in a given sample?

A

Only live bacteria will form colonies that can be counted.

Small clumps or chains of cells may be identified as a single colony when they are actually more than 1.

139
Q

What is generation time of a bacteria?

A

The time it takes for a bacterial population to double in size.

140
Q

By what process do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

141
Q

What is the time between each division in binary fission called?

A

Generation time

142
Q

What is generation time of a bacterium?

A

The time between each division in binary fission.

143
Q

What is the equation for calculating generation time of a bacterium?

A

(t x log 2)/ (log b - log B)

144
Q

What is the name given for the time it takes for a bacterial population to double in size?

A

Generation time

145
Q

What are the 2 ways in which bacteria can be grown?

A

Sessile

Planktonic

146
Q

What is sessile bacterial growth?

A

Bacteria are thinly spread over an inert surface and grown on biofilms.

They make 20-30 division’s per 24 hours

147
Q

How many divisions does a single bacterial cell make per 24 hours during sessile growth?

A

20-30

148
Q

What is planktonic bacterial growth?

A

Bacteria grown in tubed suspension.

Divide 10^7 to 10^9 times per cell per 24 hours

149
Q

How many divisions does a single bacteria make per 24 hours during planktonic growth?

A

10^7 to 10^9

150
Q

What is turbidity of a solution?

A

The cloudiness of a solution

151
Q

What type of bacterial growth takes place in turbid suspension?

A

Planktonic

152
Q

What type of bacterial growth takes place on biofilms ?

A

Sessile

153
Q

In generation time, what do the values t, B and b mean?

A 
t = time between B and b
b = number of CFUs at chosen time 1
B = number of CFUs at chosen time 2
154
Q

What phase of bacteria growth should be used to calculate generation time?

A

Exponential phase

Microbial World (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions