Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbial World > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What domain of the tree of life are fungi under?

A

Eucaraya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are fungi frequently used for biological research?

A

They are very closely related to animals in the tree of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of organisms are fungi ?

A

Non-photosynthetic eukaryotic heterotrophs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define heterotroph.

A

An organism deriving it’s nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of organisms do fungi originate from?

A

Marine organisms with flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main roles of fungi?

A

Saprotrophism

Act as pathogens, symbionts and endophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Saprotrophism ?

A

Decomposition of organic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define symbionts.

A

Organisms which have a mutually beneficial relationship with another organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are endophytes?

A

A plant or fungus which lives inside another plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline the biological, general structure of fungi?

A

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of fungal hyphae?

A

Septate hyphae

Aseptate hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a septate fungal hyphae?

A

Septa’s divide hyphae into cells with separate nuclei and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are aseptate hyphae?

A

No separate cells in the cytoplasm so some cells have many nuclei and organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the entire hyphal mass of a fungi called?

A

Mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a fungal hyphae?

A

Fungal hyphae contain the cytoplasm or cell Sao , including nuclei.
They also absorb nutrients from the environment and transport them to other parts of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the correct term for the fungal body?

A

Thallus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is meant by the term coenocytic ?

A

Continuous mass of cytoplasm enclosed by one cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Outline the structure of aseptate fungi.

A

Not partitioned into smaller cells.
Multi-nuclear cells.
Coenocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the benefit of aseptic fungi having no partitions between cells?

A

Makes cellular communications extremely easy and means that no complex mechanisms are required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the structure of septate fungi.

A

They have septa which are cross walls that divide cells in the fungal mycelium.

Each cell has only 1 or 2 nuclei.

Nuclear division is followed by cross wall formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When are cross walls formed in septate fungi?

A

After nuclear division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many nuclei are within each cell of septate fungi?

A

1or 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do Candida albicans have high disease causing activity?

A

They are able to change forms very quickly.

They are initially a budding yeast but can switch to hyphal forms and other forms on lab agar plates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of research are Candida albicans frequently used for ?

A

Analysing genome sequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the first eukaryote to be fully genome sequenced when did this occur ?

A

Candida albicans

1995

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

BY what methods do fungal grow?

A

Apical growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do fungal spores eventually grow into?

A

Mycelial mats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which part of the fungae grow?

A

The edge

Hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is required for apical growth of fungi to be continuous?

A

When there is suitable food available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is apical growth so critical to saprotrophic fungi?

A

Cellulose decaying enzymes cannot diffuse into woody tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do pathogenic fungi do apical growth for?

A

To generate hydrological pressure to penetrate host defences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What feature is at the very end of a hyphal tip of fungae?

A

Spizenkorper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a Spizenkorper?

A

A pointed body with a cluster of small, membrane bound vesicles,ew embedded in a meshwork if actin filament.
Found at the very end of fungal hyphae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are apical vesicles?

A

Vesicles produced by golgi vesicles and transported by the top elements (hyphae)of the cytoskeleton such as microtubules and actin filaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the cell walls in the apex of fungal hyphae.

A

Very weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define syncytium

A

A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or division of nuclei.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How can apical growth of fungi be visualised?

A

By fluorescent microscopy using green light fluorescence.

38
Q

Define taxonomy.

A

The science of classification. Provides an orderly basis for the naming of organisms and placing them in a category (taxon).

39
Q

What is the original of the binomial nomenclature for fungus?

A

Linnaeus

40
Q

How are fungus named?

A

First name = genus

Second name = specific epithet

41
Q

Outline the order of the classifications if naming organisms

A 
Kingdom
Phylum or division
Subphylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specific epithet 
Subspecies
42
Q

What are the eight phyla of the fungal kingdom?

A 
Ascomycota
Basidomycota
Mucoromycota
Zoopagomycota
Neocallimastigoycota
Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Cryptomycota
43
Q

What are the 2 largest fungal species?

A

Ascomycota

Basidiomycetes

44
Q

What are constituents of ascomycota?

A

Filamentous fungi and yeasts

45
Q

How are ascomycota characterised?

A

The production of spores in an ascus during sexual cycle

46
Q

What is an ascus?

A

A cylindrical sac in which the spores of fungi develope

47
Q

What type of reproduction do basidiomycetes reproduce?

A

Sexual and rarely asexual

48
Q

What structures can be formed by basidiomycetes during growth/ propagation?

A

Basidocarp

Basidiospore

49
Q

Describe the mycelium of chytridiomycota ?

A

Aseptate

50
Q

How do hyphae of chytridiomycota often change in food ?

A

They often branch to form rhizoids

51
Q

Describe the chromosomal content of chytridiomycota cells

A

Predominantly haploid

Some short diploid and dikaryotic phases in the sexual cycle

52
Q

Define dikaryotic

A

2 nuclei in each cell

53
Q

What is the cell wall of chytridiomycota composed of ?

A

Chitin

54
Q

Where do chytridiomycota habit?

A

Moistened terrestrial habitats such as forests, litter layers, freshwater, marine areas, dead tissues

55
Q

Who invented gram staining techniques?

A

Hans Christian Gram

56
Q

Outline the procedure for carrying out a gram stain.

A
  1. Spread culture into a thin film over a hear greater slide.
  2. Dry in the air
  3. Flood the slide with crystal violet for 1 minute
  4. Add iodine solution
  5. Depolarise with alcohol for 30 secs (often ethanol)
  6. Counter stain with Safranin
57
Q

What is the purpose of depolarising the cells with ethanol during a gram staining process?

A

Dissolved cell walls to enable staining.

58
Q

What must be used to identify bacteria that have been gram stained when using microscopy?

A

Immersion oil

100x magnification

59
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria appear at the end of a gram staining procedure?

A

Purple

60
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria appear at the end of a gram staining procedure?

A

Pink

61
Q

Outline how the colour of gram positive bacteria changes with each dye added in a gram straining procedure.

A

Crystal violet. Purple/ blue
Iodine. Purple
Ethanol. Purple
Safranin. Purple

62
Q

Outline how the colour of gram negative bacteria changes with each dye added in a gram straining procedure.

A

Crystal violet. Blue
Iodine. Purple
Ethanol. Clear
Safranin. Pink

63
Q

Why do we identify bacteria?

A

To diagnose and treat infections.
To identify contaminating agents.
For epidemiology.

64
Q

What features are used to identify bacterial species.

A 
Morphology (shape)
Chemical composition (identified by staining) 
Nutritional requirements
Biochemical activities
Source of energy
65
Q

How are viruses identified?

A

They have a lot of proteins.
Highly immunogenicity.
Detection of specific antibodies and antigens.
Accurate and specific.

66
Q

How are fungi and Protozoa identified?

A

Using microscopy.

67
Q

Describe the chromosome content of most fungi.

A

Mostly haploid

Rare and short-lived diploid state.

68
Q

What are the 3 methods by which fungi reproduce ?

A

Sexual
Asexual
Parasexual

69
Q

Describe the asexual reproduction of fungi

A

Nuclei of somatic cells divide by construction or mitosis to form daughter cells which are them separated.

70
Q

Describe the sexual reproduction of fungi.

A

Haploid nuclei from two different organisms fuse.
Mitosis then occurs to form haploid hyphae cells.
Haploid spores are separated.

71
Q

What is the benefit of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A

Allows genetic variation to occur rather than just forming clones.

72
Q

Outline the process of parasexual reproduction of bacterial cells.

A

The mycelium becomes heterokaryotic by anastomosis during the dikaryotic phase.
Some haploid cells within the mycelium can fuse to form a diploid nucleus which then divide mitotically, along with the remaining haploid nuclei in the same mycelium.

73
Q

What is the result of incomplete mitosis of fungi?

A

Haplodisation

74
Q

What is haplodisation?

A

The production of a cell with a single set of chromosomes.

75
Q

Define anastomosis.

A

The fusion of different fungal hyphae.

76
Q

What are the main types of fungi that are pathogenic to humans?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans.

77
Q

What are the main type of fungi which are pathogenic to frogs or amphibians?

A

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

78
Q

Name the types of fungi which are most pathogenic to insects.

A

Ophiocordyceps and unilateralis

79
Q

Name the main types of fungi which are pathogenic to plants

A

Puccinia grammis, ustilago maydis

80
Q

What areas of the normal human flora are Candida albicans present in?

A

Mouth, esophagus, vagina.

81
Q

Name a type of opportunistic pathogen.

A

Aspergillus species

82
Q

What is meant by a pathogen being opportunistic ?

A

An infections caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available such as a weakened immune system.

83
Q

What are the symptoms caused by bronchiopulmonary aspergillosis?

A

Mucus within the bronchi cause severe allergic reactions

84
Q

What is caused by aspergilloma?

A

Mycelia ball in the lung cavity forms.

85
Q

How do ophiocordyceps unilateralis infect insects?

A

Mycelia rupture through the head and other body parts of insects and form a stick-lick fruiting body liner with spores. Mature spores can fall onto colonies below.

86
Q

How do chytrimycota affect the amphibians they infect?

A

They feed on the keratin in their skin and eventually lead to mortality.

87
Q

In what you of fungi does symbiosis mainly occur?

A

Ascomycota

88
Q

What is symbiosis in terms of fungi?

A

A partnership between specific fungi and photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

89
Q

In symbiosis of fungi and a photosynthetic partner, what does each organism provide?

A

Photosynthetic partner provides organic food, organic molecules and oxygen.
Fungal partner provides carbon dioxide, water and minerals.

90
Q

What are ectomycorrhyzae and what are their benefits to fungae?

A

Allow a symbiotic relationship between a fungal symbionts and the roots of a plant species by growing into the epidermis of a root and penetrating some of the plant root tissue.

91
Q

What are the industrial uses of Saccharnocyes Cerevisiae?

A

Bakers yeast; used for making bread, beer and wine.

92
Q

What is a lichen a symbiosis of?

A

Fungae and algae

Microbial World (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions