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Microbial World > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organisms does microbiology study?

A

Organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope.

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2
Q

How do microorganisms aid biodegradation?

A

They maintain soil fertility by cycling essential nutrients.

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3
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Removal of natural and artificial pollutants by microbial activity.

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4
Q

Give an example of a type of harmful biodegradation caused by microorganisms.

A

Food spoilage

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5
Q

How many deaths per year are caused by infectious diseases caused by microbes?

A

Around 3 million

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6
Q

How many microbe types have the ability to cause disease?

A

Around 2000 different types

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7
Q

What did Robert Hooke discover in terms of microbiology?

A

He reported that the smallest units of life were little boxes known as cells.

He started the process of the ‘Cell theory of Life’.

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8
Q

Who started the process of the ‘Cell theory of life’?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

in what year was bacteria first visualised and who by?

A

1676

Anton Van Leuuwenhoek

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10
Q

What is Anton Van Leuuwenhoek famous for?

A

He was the first to visualise bacteria in 1676.

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11
Q

What is Edward Jenner famous for?

A

He created the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796

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12
Q

When was the first vaccine created?

A

1796

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13
Q

In what year was smallpox declared eradicated?

A

1979

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14
Q

What is Louis Pasteur famous for?

A

He created the germ theory of disease.
Disproved spontaneous generation of microbes.
Showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage.
Perfected sterilisation methods.
Invented pasteurisation.
Developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera and rabies.

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15
Q

Who created the germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation of microbes?

A

By preventing dust particles from reaching a sterile broth.

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17
Q

Who invented Pasteurisation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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18
Q

Who created vaccines against anthrax, cholera and rabies.

A

Louis Pasteur

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19
Q

What is Joseph Lister famous for ?

A

Antiseptic surgery.
Use of carbolic acid to heal wounds.
Hand Washing.

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20
Q

Who created antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

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21
Q

Who outlined the correct process for hand washing?

A

Joseph Lister

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22
Q

Who initially carried out discovery in terms of disease transmission?

A

Robert Koch

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23
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Suspected pathogenic organisms should be presented in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
  2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.
  3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal.
  4. The organism should be preisolated and shown to be the same as the origin.
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24
Q

Who identified causes of anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera?

A

Robert Koch

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25
Q

Who identified and created the use of Petri dishes?

A

Richard Petri

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26
Q

Who implemented and created the use of agar for growing microorganisms?

A

Walther and Fannie Hesse

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27
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

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28
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Flemming

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29
Q

What year did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin in?

A

1928

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30
Q

When was the first electron microscope created?

A

1983

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31
Q

Who developed the Polio vaccine?

A

Jonas Salk and Alber Sabin

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32
Q

What is used to discover the evolution of life In ‘the tree of life’ ?

A

Comparing the RNA of different ribosomes.

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33
Q

What is the purpose of ‘The tree of life’?

A

To identify domains and explore evolution of life.

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34
Q

What are the 3 domains discovered by the ‘tree of life’?

A

Bactria
Archaea
Eukaraya

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35
Q

In which domain do the organelles of Eukaraya have origins?

A

Bacteria

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36
Q

What are the 2 main types of bacteria?

A

Proteobacteria

Gram-positive

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37
Q

What is the most abundant category of bacteria?

A

Proteobacteria

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38
Q

How have bacteria been discovered if they cannot be cultured?

A

Using molecular biology techniques.

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39
Q

How are the energy sources of bacteria categorised?

A

In terms of their carbon source

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40
Q

What are the 2 different categories of energy sources for bacteria?

A

Chemotrophs

Autotrophs

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41
Q

By what type of system are animals, plants and insects named?

A

Binomial

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42
Q

How are bacteria names?

A

They are given a genus and then a species.

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43
Q

How does bacterial nicknaming work?

A

The genus is abbreviated but the species is written out in full.

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44
Q

What features are used to identify bacteria?

A

Shape
Arrangement of cells
Staining

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45
Q

Describe the structure of bacilli bacteria.

A

Rod shaped and mostly single cells (not grouped0.

46
Q

Describe the cellular arrangement of Staphlococci bacteria.

A

Clusters

47
Q

Describe the arrangement of bacterial cells in Streptococci.

A

Chains

48
Q

Describe the arrangement of bacterial cells in diplococci

A

In pairs

49
Q

What does ‘coccus’ mean?

A

Berries

50
Q

Describe the shape of ‘coccobacilli’ bacteria.

A

Rounded rod shapes

51
Q

Describe the shape of ‘vibrios’ bacteria.

A

Curved rods

52
Q

Describe the shape of ‘Spirilla’ bacteria.

A

Rigid corkscrews

53
Q

Describe the shape of ‘Spirochaetes’ bacteria

A

Flexible corkscrews

54
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus and where is it found?

A

A bacterium found in healthy human’s skin flora.

55
Q

What can ‘Staphylococcus aureus’ bacteria cause ?

A

Food borne diseases or diseases of the skin such as boils or wound infections.

56
Q

Describe the sensitivity of ‘Staphylococcus aureus’ bacteria to antibiotics and disinfectants.

A

Highly sensitive but become resistance to antibiotics very quickly.

57
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Streptococcus progenies’?

A

Bacterium

58
Q

What does the bacteria ‘Streptococcus progenies’ cause?

A

Sore throat, fever, swollen glands

59
Q

What treatment is used against ‘Streptococcus pyogenes’?

A

Penicillin

60
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘Propionibacterium acnes’?

A

Causes acne

61
Q

What antibiotic treatment is used for treating acne?

A

Benzyl peroxide

62
Q

How is Propionibacterium acnes beneficial to humans?

A

It is part of the skin flora and reproduces quickly in skin pores to reduce redness and swelling.

63
Q

what type of microorganism is Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?

A

Fungi

64
Q

What are the symptoms caused by Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?

A

Athletes foot, itching, cracked skin

65
Q

What is used to treat infections caused by Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?

A

Anti-fungals

66
Q

What type of microorganism is Neisseria gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

67
Q

What are the symptoms of infections caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea?

A

Itching, burning, abdominal pain, unusual discharge

68
Q

Where does ‘Neisseria Gonorrhoea’ affect men and women?

A

The urethra in men and the endocervix in women.

69
Q

How are infections caused by ‘Neisseria Gonorrhoea’ treated?

A

With a single dose of antibiotics.

70
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Epstein Barr’?

A

Virus

71
Q

What are the symptoms of diseases caused by ‘Epstein barr’?

A

Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes

72
Q

How do diseases caused by ‘Epstein Barr’ spread?

A

Via the saliva

73
Q

How are diseases caused by ‘Epstein barr’ treated?

A

They cannot be treated.

74
Q

Which type of cells do HIV infect?

A

T-cells

75
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through blood, blood products or un-protected sex.

76
Q

What virus causes the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

77
Q

What are the symptoms caused ‘Rhinovirus’?

A

Coughing, fever, sore throat, runny nose

78
Q

What can be used to treat the common cold?

A

Nothing

79
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Saccharomyces cerevisiae’?

A

Fungus

80
Q

What is the fungus ‘Saccharomyces Cerveisiae’ used for?

A

Used to make bread, wine and beer by fermenting different sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

81
Q

What type of microorganism is salmonella typhimurium?

A

Bacterium

82
Q

What are the symptoms caused by ‘Salmonella Typhimurium’?

A

Stomach crams, diarrhoea.

Causes food poisoning.

83
Q

How are infections caused by ‘Salmonella Typhimurium’ treated?

A

They are not. symptoms eventually subside.

84
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Treponema Pallidum’?

A

Bacteria

85
Q

What does he bacteria ‘Treponema Pallidum’ cause?

A

It causes the STD Syphillis.

86
Q

How is Syphillis treated?

A

with antibiotics

87
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Shigella Dysenteriae’?

A

Bacteria

88
Q

What are the symptoms of infections caused by ‘Shigella Dysenteria’?

A

Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhoea and vomiting.

89
Q

How is Shigella Dysenteria spread?

A

Through contaminated food and water.

90
Q

How are infections caused by ‘Shigella Dysenteria’ treated?

A

By antibiotics or by fluid replacement replacement regimes.

91
Q

What type of microorganism is Porphyromonas gingivitis?

A

Bacteria

92
Q

What symptoms do Porphyromonas Gingivitis cause?

A

Bad breath

93
Q

What causes the disease Gingivitis?

A

Poor oral hygiene

94
Q

How is Gingivitis treated?

A

Antibiotics

95
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Chlamydia Trachomatis’?

A

Bacteria

96
Q

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?

A

Unusual discharge, burning sensation , abnormal bleeding from the genital area.

97
Q

What happens if Chlamydia is untreated?

A

Causes infertility.

Affects sperm function in males and blocks the Fallopian tubes in females.

98
Q

What type of microorganism causes herpes?

A

Virus

99
Q

What doesHerpes simplex type 1 cause?

A

Cold sores

100
Q

What can be used to treat herpes?

A

Anti-virals

101
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Escherichia Coli’?

A

Bacterium

102
Q

What are the symptoms caused by ‘Escherichia Coli’?

A

Urinary tract infections, infect wounds, food poisoning.

103
Q

How are E.Coli infections treated?

A

With antibiotics

104
Q

What type of microorganism is ‘Helicobacteter Pylori’?

A

Bacterium

105
Q

What are the symptoms of infections caused by ‘Helicobacter Pylori’?

A

Stomach ulcers, belching, stomach pain, chronic infection of the stomach.

106
Q

What are infections caused by ‘Helicobacter Pylori’ treated with?

A

Antibiotics

107
Q

What type of microorganism causes MRSA?

A

Bacterium

108
Q

What strain of bacterium causes MRSA?

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

109
Q

Describe the resistance of MRSA.

A

Resistant to antibiotics

110
Q

Is MRSA part of a healthy bacterial flora?

A

No

111
Q

What type of microorganism is Orthomyxoviridae?

A

Virus

112
Q

What are symptoms of infections caused by ‘Orthomyxoviridae’?

A

Flu, coughs, fevers, chills, muscular aches, headaches, sore throats, nasal congestion.

Microbial World (10 decks)

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