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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of organisms does microbiology study?

A

Organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope.

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2
Q

How do microorganisms aid biodegradation?

A

They maintain soil fertility by cycling essential nutrients.

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3
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Removal of natural and artificial pollutants by microbial activity.

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4
Q

Give an example of a type of harmful biodegradation caused by microorganisms.

A

Food spoilage

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5
Q

How many deaths per year are caused by infectious diseases caused by microbes?

A

Around 3 million

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6
Q

How many microbe types have the ability to cause disease?

A

Around 2000 different types

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7
Q

What did Robert Hooke discover in terms of microbiology?

A

He reported that the smallest units of life were little boxes known as cells.

He started the process of the ‘Cell theory of Life’.

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8
Q

Who started the process of the ‘Cell theory of life’?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

in what year was bacteria first visualised and who by?

A

1676

Anton Van Leuuwenhoek

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10
Q

What is Anton Van Leuuwenhoek famous for?

A

He was the first to visualise bacteria in 1676.

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11
Q

What is Edward Jenner famous for?

A

He created the first vaccine for smallpox in 1796

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12
Q

When was the first vaccine created?

A

1796

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13
Q

In what year was smallpox declared eradicated?

A

1979

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14
Q

What is Louis Pasteur famous for?

A

He created the germ theory of disease.
Disproved spontaneous generation of microbes.
Showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage.
Perfected sterilisation methods.
Invented pasteurisation.
Developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera and rabies.

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15
Q

Who created the germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur

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16
Q

How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation of microbes?

A

By preventing dust particles from reaching a sterile broth.

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17
Q

Who invented Pasteurisation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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18
Q

Who created vaccines against anthrax, cholera and rabies.

A

Louis Pasteur

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19
Q

What is Joseph Lister famous for ?

A

Antiseptic surgery.
Use of carbolic acid to heal wounds.
Hand Washing.

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20
Q

Who created antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

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21
Q

Who outlined the correct process for hand washing?

A

Joseph Lister

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22
Q

Who initially carried out discovery in terms of disease transmission?

A

Robert Koch

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23
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. Suspected pathogenic organisms should be presented in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
  2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.
  3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal.
  4. The organism should be preisolated and shown to be the same as the origin.
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24
Q

Who identified causes of anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera?

A

Robert Koch

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25
Who identified and created the use of Petri dishes?
Richard Petri
26
Who implemented and created the use of agar for growing microorganisms?
Walther and Fannie Hesse
27
What was the first antibiotic?
Penicillin
28
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Flemming
29
What year did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin in?
1928
30
When was the first electron microscope created?
1983
31
Who developed the Polio vaccine?
Jonas Salk and Alber Sabin
32
What is used to discover the evolution of life In 'the tree of life' ?
Comparing the RNA of different ribosomes.
33
What is the purpose of 'The tree of life'?
To identify domains and explore evolution of life.
34
What are the 3 domains discovered by the 'tree of life'?
Bactria Archaea Eukaraya
35
In which domain do the organelles of Eukaraya have origins?
Bacteria
36
What are the 2 main types of bacteria?
Proteobacteria | Gram-positive
37
What is the most abundant category of bacteria?
Proteobacteria
38
How have bacteria been discovered if they cannot be cultured?
Using molecular biology techniques.
39
How are the energy sources of bacteria categorised?
In terms of their carbon source
40
What are the 2 different categories of energy sources for bacteria?
Chemotrophs | Autotrophs
41
By what type of system are animals, plants and insects named?
Binomial
42
How are bacteria names?
They are given a genus and then a species.
43
How does bacterial nicknaming work?
The genus is abbreviated but the species is written out in full.
44
What features are used to identify bacteria?
Shape Arrangement of cells Staining
45
Describe the structure of bacilli bacteria.
Rod shaped and mostly single cells (not grouped0.
46
Describe the cellular arrangement of Staphlococci bacteria.
Clusters
47
Describe the arrangement of bacterial cells in Streptococci.
Chains
48
Describe the arrangement of bacterial cells in diplococci
In pairs
49
What does 'coccus' mean?
Berries
50
Describe the shape of 'coccobacilli' bacteria.
Rounded rod shapes
51
Describe the shape of 'vibrios' bacteria.
Curved rods
52
Describe the shape of 'Spirilla' bacteria.
Rigid corkscrews
53
Describe the shape of 'Spirochaetes' bacteria
Flexible corkscrews
54
What is Staphylococcus aureus and where is it found?
A bacterium found in healthy human's skin flora.
55
What can 'Staphylococcus aureus' bacteria cause ?
Food borne diseases or diseases of the skin such as boils or wound infections.
56
Describe the sensitivity of 'Staphylococcus aureus' bacteria to antibiotics and disinfectants.
Highly sensitive but become resistance to antibiotics very quickly.
57
What type of microorganism is 'Streptococcus progenies'?
Bacterium
58
What does the bacteria 'Streptococcus progenies' cause?
Sore throat, fever, swollen glands
59
What treatment is used against 'Streptococcus pyogenes'?
Penicillin
60
What are the symptoms of 'Propionibacterium acnes'?
Causes acne
61
What antibiotic treatment is used for treating acne?
Benzyl peroxide
62
How is Propionibacterium acnes beneficial to humans?
It is part of the skin flora and reproduces quickly in skin pores to reduce redness and swelling.
63
what type of microorganism is Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?
Fungi
64
What are the symptoms caused by Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?
Athletes foot, itching, cracked skin
65
What is used to treat infections caused by Trichophyton Mentagrophytes?
Anti-fungals
66
What type of microorganism is Neisseria gonorrhoea?
Bacteria
67
What are the symptoms of infections caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoea?
Itching, burning, abdominal pain, unusual discharge
68
Where does 'Neisseria Gonorrhoea' affect men and women?
The urethra in men and the endocervix in women.
69
How are infections caused by 'Neisseria Gonorrhoea' treated?
With a single dose of antibiotics.
70
What type of microorganism is 'Epstein Barr'?
Virus
71
What are the symptoms of diseases caused by 'Epstein barr'?
Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes
72
How do diseases caused by 'Epstein Barr' spread?
Via the saliva
73
How are diseases caused by 'Epstein barr' treated?
They cannot be treated.
74
Which type of cells do HIV infect?
T-cells
75
How is HIV transmitted?
Through blood, blood products or un-protected sex.
76
What virus causes the common cold?
Rhinovirus
77
What are the symptoms caused 'Rhinovirus'?
Coughing, fever, sore throat, runny nose
78
What can be used to treat the common cold?
Nothing
79
What type of microorganism is 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae'?
Fungus
80
What is the fungus 'Saccharomyces Cerveisiae' used for?
Used to make bread, wine and beer by fermenting different sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
81
What type of microorganism is salmonella typhimurium?
Bacterium
82
What are the symptoms caused by 'Salmonella Typhimurium'?
Stomach crams, diarrhoea. | Causes food poisoning.
83
How are infections caused by 'Salmonella Typhimurium' treated?
They are not. symptoms eventually subside.
84
What type of microorganism is 'Treponema Pallidum'?
Bacteria
85
What does he bacteria 'Treponema Pallidum' cause?
It causes the STD Syphillis.
86
How is Syphillis treated?
with antibiotics
87
What type of microorganism is 'Shigella Dysenteriae'?
Bacteria
88
What are the symptoms of infections caused by 'Shigella Dysenteria'?
Abdominal cramps, fever, diarrhoea and vomiting.
89
How is Shigella Dysenteria spread?
Through contaminated food and water.
90
How are infections caused by 'Shigella Dysenteria' treated?
By antibiotics or by fluid replacement replacement regimes.
91
What type of microorganism is Porphyromonas gingivitis?
Bacteria
92
What symptoms do Porphyromonas Gingivitis cause?
Bad breath
93
What causes the disease Gingivitis?
Poor oral hygiene
94
How is Gingivitis treated?
Antibiotics
95
What type of microorganism is 'Chlamydia Trachomatis'?
Bacteria
96
What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?
Unusual discharge, burning sensation , abnormal bleeding from the genital area.
97
What happens if Chlamydia is untreated?
Causes infertility. Affects sperm function in males and blocks the Fallopian tubes in females.
98
What type of microorganism causes herpes?
Virus
99
What doesHerpes simplex type 1 cause?
Cold sores
100
What can be used to treat herpes?
Anti-virals
101
What type of microorganism is 'Escherichia Coli'?
Bacterium
102
What are the symptoms caused by 'Escherichia Coli'?
Urinary tract infections, infect wounds, food poisoning.
103
How are E.Coli infections treated?
With antibiotics
104
What type of microorganism is 'Helicobacteter Pylori'?
Bacterium
105
What are the symptoms of infections caused by 'Helicobacter Pylori'?
Stomach ulcers, belching, stomach pain, chronic infection of the stomach.
106
What are infections caused by 'Helicobacter Pylori' treated with?
Antibiotics
107
What type of microorganism causes MRSA?
Bacterium
108
What strain of bacterium causes MRSA?
Staphylococcus Aureus
109
Describe the resistance of MRSA.
Resistant to antibiotics
110
Is MRSA part of a healthy bacterial flora?
No
111
What type of microorganism is Orthomyxoviridae?
Virus
112
What are symptoms of infections caused by 'Orthomyxoviridae'?
Flu, coughs, fevers, chills, muscular aches, headaches, sore throats, nasal congestion.

Microbial World (10 decks)

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