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Microbial World > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the genetic material present in bacteria?

A

Nucleoid

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2
Q

Describe the nucleoid of bacteria

A

One chromosome

No nuclear membrane

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3
Q

Do bacterial cells have a nuclear membrane?

A

No

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4
Q

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

A

1

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5
Q

What are the chemicals present in bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan
N-acetyl glucosamine
N-acetyl muramic acid

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6
Q

Describe the structure of peptidoglycan

A

Alternating chains of NAM and NG which are linked by peptide chains

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7
Q

In what types of bacteria are the peptide links between alternating chais of NAM and NG in peptidoglycan of cell walls different?

A

Gram positive and gram negative

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8
Q

Describe the outer membranes of gram positive bacteria from the inside out

A

Internal membrane, periplasm which has a peptidoglycan layer, outermsmbrane of lipopoylsacchardes and proteins.

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9
Q

In which region of gram negative bacteria is the peptidoglycan present?

A

In the periplasm

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10
Q

What is contained in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides and proteins

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11
Q

Describe the membranes of gram positive bacteria

A

Internal membrane and peptidoglycan outer layer

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12
Q

Describe the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in both gram negative and gram positive bacteria

A

Gram -ve = think

Gram +ve = thick

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13
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria appear under a light microscope after gram staining?

A

Purple

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14
Q

Describe the thickness of the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

Thic

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15
Q

What are the major components of the cell walls in gram positive bacteria?

A

Teichoic acid

Peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Describe the outer membrane of gram positive bacteria

A

No outer membane

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17
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria appear after gram staining?

A

Pink

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18
Q

Describe the thickness of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria

A

Thin

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19
Q

Which type of bacteria have teichoic acid in their cell wall

A

Gram positive only

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20
Q

What are the purpose of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

They aid pathogenicity

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21
Q

Describe the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells

A

Selectively permable

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22
Q

What is the site of cellular respiration in bacterial cells?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasmic membrane in bacterial cells?

A

Site of respiration.

Transports nutrients, waste and proteins.

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24
Q

Where are the cellular receptors found in bacterial cells?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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25
Q

Which ribosomes are present in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ?

A

Pro - 70s

Eu - 70s (in organelles) and 80s

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26
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extra chromosomal pieces of DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes.

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of sugar coating that can surround bacterial cells?

A

Slime layer

Capsule

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28
Q

Describe the association between a slime layer or a capsule with a bacterial cell

A

Slime layer - loose association

Capsule - tightly bound

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29
Q

What are the fimbriae of bacteria?

A

Thin, straight, protein appendages which are involves in pathogenesis

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30
Q

What are specialised bacterial fimbriae called?

A

Pilli

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31
Q

What are bacterial pills?

A

Specialised Fimbriae which are involved in the genetic material from cell to cell

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32
Q

What is the main function of bacterial flagella?

A

They are responsible for motility

33
Q

What are the different types of flagella?

A

Peritrichous

Polar

Lophotrichous

34
Q

What are Peritichous flagella?

A

Flagella all over the bacterial surface

35
Q

What are Polar flagella?

A

One or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell

36
Q

What are Lophotrichous flagella?

A

Multiple flagella at the same point on the bacterial surface

37
Q

What type of bacteria produce endospores?

A

Gram positive

38
Q

Describe the thickness of endospore cell walls

A

Thick

39
Q

Describe the water content of bacterial endospores

A

Very little water contained

40
Q

How long can bacterial endospores survive?

A

Up to 300 years

41
Q

What happens when a bacterial endospore is stimulated to return to a vegetative state?

A

The enzyme cortex is digested.
Core rehydrates.
Nutrients are taken up.

42
Q

What are the types of endospore locations

A

Terminal
Subterminal
Central

43
Q

What are subterminal endospores?

A

They are located between the middle and the end of a vegetative cell

44
Q

On what type of cells are bacterial endospores present?

A

Vegetative

45
Q

Outline the Sporulation cycle of a vegetative cell.

A

Chromosome is duplicated and separated.

Cell is separated into Sporangium and Forespore.

Sporangium engulfs forespore.

Sporangium begins to actively synthesised spore. layers around foreshore.

Cortex and outer coat layers are deposited.

Mature endospore formed.

Free spores are released with loss of the sporangium.

Germination of spore swells and releases vegetative cell.

46
Q

What are the chemical requirements for microbial growth?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Trace elements
Sometimes oxygen
47
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Minerals present in living tissues in small amounts

48
Q

What are heterotroph organisms?

A

Use organic carbon source

49
Q

What are autotroph organisms?

A

Use carbon dioxide as their primary carbon source

50
Q

What are the 2 classifications of microbes based on their energy source?

A

Chemotrophs

Autotrophs

51
Q

What are growth factors in terms of microbes?

A

Any compound which an organism requires for growth but cannot synthesise itself.

52
Q

Give examples of microbe growth factors

A

Amino acids
Vitamins
Haemins

53
Q

What is meant by water activity in terms of microbes?

A

The availability of water for use by a microorganism

54
Q

What are the cardinal temperatures of a microorganism?

A

The minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures at which each organism can grow

55
Q

What are extremophile microbe?

A

Organisms which can live in extreme tempeatures

56
Q

Describe the temperatures at which Psychrophiles live

A

Optimum temp of 15 degrees Celsius. Minimum temp = 0 degrees Celsius

57
Q

Describe the temperatures at which Psychotrophs live

A 
Optimum = 20 degrees celsius
Max = 40 degrees celsius
58
Q

Where in the world are Psychrophiles most likely to be found ?

A

In the poles

59
Q

Describe the temperatures at which Mesophiles live

A

Optimum 37-40 degrees celsius.

60
Q

What type of bacteria (in terms of temperature) are commensal floral bacteria categorised into?

A

Mesophiles

61
Q

Describe the temperatures at which thermophiles live

A

Optimum = 60 degrees celsius

62
Q

What are Halophile microbes?

A

They can tolerate saline (stay) solutions and require a certain amount of salt for growth

63
Q

What do Halophiles require for growth?

A

Salt

64
Q

What is meant by ‘Halotolerance’?

A

The ability of a microbe to grow at a higher salt concentration than there optimum.

65
Q

What are Osmophile microbes?

A

They are able to tolerate sugar solutions

66
Q

What are Xerophile microbes?

A

They are able to tolerate dry solutions

67
Q

Not all microorganisms require oxygen , but what do they definitely require?

A

An electron acceptor

68
Q

What are obligate aerobe microbes?

A

Can only grow if oxygen is present

69
Q

What are obligate anaerobe microbes?

A

Do not grow in oxygen. May be poisoned by oxygen

70
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Do not require oxygen, but grow better if it is present

71
Q

What are Microaerophiles?

A

Require a specific reduced level of oxygen to survive and grow.

72
Q

What are Aerotolerant Anaerobes?

A

Grow equally well with or without oxygen

73
Q

What is pH a measure of ?

A

Concentration of H+

74
Q

What are acidophiles?

A

Organisms which will grow in acid environments

75
Q

What are Alkalophiles?

A

Organisms which will grow in acidic environments

76
Q

What pH do most bacteria grow at?

A

6.5-7.5

77
Q

What pH do most yeast grow at?

A

5-6

78
Q

Overall, what are the factors affecting microbial growth?

A

Temperature, water availability, oxygen availability, salt levels, pH

Microbial World (10 decks)

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