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BIO1022 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

coelochaete

A

aquatic plants or rocks in freshwater environments

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2
Q

charales

A

along the margins of lakes and estuaries

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3
Q

coleochaete and charales

A

fertilisation of sperm and egg
diploid zygotes are released and dispersed by water currents
diploid zygote undergoes meiosis at its first division to form haploid cells
one of the haploid cells develops into a multicellular haploid alga
sperm are released into the water while egg is retained

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4
Q

bryophytes

A

sperm release is stimulated by raindrops, egg is retained
diploid zygote is retained and the sporophyte develops in place, supported mechanically and nutritionally by the gametophyte
multicellular sporophyte produces thousands of haploid spores by meiosis
haploid spores are released into the air. Those that land in a suitable site will germinate to form a new gametophyte generation

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5
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid multicellular plant produces spores via meiosis
sporophyte generation
obtain water and nutrients from gametophyte

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6
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid multicellular plant produces gametes via mitosis
gametophyte generation
photosynthetically self sufficient

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7
Q

alternation of generations

A

haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation follow one another
basic life cycle of all land plants

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8
Q

gametophyte vs sporophyte nutrients

A

gametophyte is photosynthetically self sufficient

sporophyte obtains water and nutrients needed for growth from gametophyte

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9
Q

sporangium

A

capsule at top of sporophyte

thousands of diploid cells undergo meiosis, producing many haploid spores

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10
Q

dispersal

A

reduces competition
allows offspring to avoid pathogens and parasites
allows offspring to colonise new habitats

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11
Q

vascular plants

A

sporophyte is the dominant generation as physically larger than gametophyte and higher photosynthetic production

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12
Q

Lycophytes, ferns and horsetails

A

depend on swimming sperm for fertilisation and disperse by spores that are released into the air

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13
Q

spore dispersing vascular plants

A

both the gametophyte and sporophyte generation are free living; each is able to supply its own nourishment

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14
Q

seed plant life cycle

A

formation of two types of spores: male gametophyte and female gametophyte
spores not dispersed; gametophyte develop within their sporangium and remain attached to the sporophyte
pollination
maturation of a fertilised ovule into a seed

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15
Q

pollination

A

transport of pollen, either in the air or by an animal, from sporangium where it was produced to a location near an ovule

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16
Q

seed

A

embryo, stored resources and an outer, protective coat

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17
Q

pine trees

A

a fertilised ovule develops into a seed (2n)
seed dispersal
germination to form sporophyte (3n)
female gametophytes (2n) develop from spores within ovule cones
male gametophytes (2n) develop from spores within pollen cones
Both produce haploid spores via meiosis
male becomes pollen (n)
female becomes ovule (n)
pollen is released into the air and transported by wind; some land on ovule cones
before fertilisation can occur, the pollen must germinate to form a pollen tube that grows to the female gametophyte

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18
Q

ovule cones

A

upper branches

produce spores that develop into female gametophytes which produce female gametes

19
Q

pollen cones

A

lower in tree

produce spores that develop into male gametophytes which produce male gametes

20
Q

seeds contain tissue from 3 generations

A

outside: protective seed coat
centre: embryo develops from zygote and represent next sporophyte generation
inside: embryo surrounded by haploid female gametophyte for nutrients

21
Q

seeds function

A

store more resources for growth for next generation

high levels of proteins and oils

22
Q

seed dormancy

A

can delay germination even when conditions for grwoth are favourable
most favourable with small seeds
during seed maturation, lose water so metabolism drops and embryo stops growing, allows dormancy

23
Q

flower

A

angiosperm pollen and ovules produced

24
Q

flower parts

A

outer whorls, inner whorls, carpels, ovary, stamen, sepals, petals

25
Q

outer whorls

A

sepals and petals

26
Q

inner whorls

A

pollen producing stamens and ovule producing carpels

27
Q

carpels

A

modified leaves that are folded over and sealed along edges to form hollow chamber
sporangia produced on inner surface
one or more carpels on each flower

28
Q

ovary

A

one to many ovules develop
protects the ovules from being eaten or damaged by animals but makes it impossible for pollen to land; pollen instead lands on stigma

29
Q

stamen

A

consists of a filament that supports a structure known as the anther, which contains several sporangia

30
Q

outer whorls

A

produce neither pollen nor ovules

instead contribute to reproduciton in other way

31
Q

sepal

A

encase and protect flower during development

32
Q

petal

A

attract and orient animal pollinators, produce volatile oils

33
Q

angiosperm- self compatible species

A

pollen and ovules produced by flowers on the same plant can form viable offspring

34
Q

angiosperm- self incompatible species

A

pollen transferred between different plants

35
Q

angiosperm male gametophyte

A

3 cells

one controls growth of the pollen tube while other two are male gametes or sperm

36
Q

angiosperm female gametophyte

A

8 nuclei

6 haploid cells and a central cell with 2 nuclei

37
Q

angiosperm endosperm

A

develops only when fertilisation has occurred

38
Q

fruits

A

as fertilised egg develops to form an embryo and the endosperm proliferates around it, the ovary wall develops into a fruit, stimulated by signalling molecules produced by the endosperm
fruits protect immature seeds from being preyed on by animals, and enhance dispersal once seeds are mature

39
Q

asexually produced plants disperse

A

with and without seeds
most reproduce asexually without seeds, instead new plant grows out of part of parent plant
or through vegetative reproduction

40
Q

apomixis

A

seeds develop even in the absence of fertilisation (asexually)

41
Q

haploid female gametophyte within the

A

ovule

42
Q

pollen

A

multicellular male gametophyte and surrounding outer wall containing sporopollenin

43
Q

if ovule is fertilised

A

develops into seed

BIO1022 (13 decks)

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