Week 8

Question 1

coelochaete

Answer 1

aquatic plants or rocks in freshwater environments

Question 2

charales

Answer 2

along the margins of lakes and estuaries

Question 3

coleochaete and charales

Answer 3

fertilisation of sperm and egg
diploid zygotes are released and dispersed by water currents
diploid zygote undergoes meiosis at its first division to form haploid cells
one of the haploid cells develops into a multicellular haploid alga
sperm are released into the water while egg is retained

Question 4

bryophytes

Answer 4

sperm release is stimulated by raindrops, egg is retained
diploid zygote is retained and the sporophyte develops in place, supported mechanically and nutritionally by the gametophyte
multicellular sporophyte produces thousands of haploid spores by meiosis
haploid spores are released into the air. Those that land in a suitable site will germinate to form a new gametophyte generation

Question 5

sporophyte

Answer 5

diploid multicellular plant produces spores via meiosis
sporophyte generation
obtain water and nutrients from gametophyte

Question 6

gametophyte

Answer 6

haploid multicellular plant produces gametes via mitosis
gametophyte generation
photosynthetically self sufficient

Question 7

alternation of generations

Answer 7

haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation follow one another
basic life cycle of all land plants

Question 8

gametophyte vs sporophyte nutrients

Answer 8

gametophyte is photosynthetically self sufficient

sporophyte obtains water and nutrients needed for growth from gametophyte

Question 9

sporangium

Answer 9

capsule at top of sporophyte

thousands of diploid cells undergo meiosis, producing many haploid spores

Question 10

dispersal

Answer 10

reduces competition
allows offspring to avoid pathogens and parasites
allows offspring to colonise new habitats

Question 11

vascular plants

Answer 11

sporophyte is the dominant generation as physically larger than gametophyte and higher photosynthetic production

Question 12

Lycophytes, ferns and horsetails

Answer 12

depend on swimming sperm for fertilisation and disperse by spores that are released into the air

Question 13

spore dispersing vascular plants

Answer 13

both the gametophyte and sporophyte generation are free living; each is able to supply its own nourishment

Question 14

seed plant life cycle

Answer 14

formation of two types of spores: male gametophyte and female gametophyte
spores not dispersed; gametophyte develop within their sporangium and remain attached to the sporophyte
pollination
maturation of a fertilised ovule into a seed

Question 15

pollination

Answer 15

transport of pollen, either in the air or by an animal, from sporangium where it was produced to a location near an ovule

Question 16

seed

Answer 16

embryo, stored resources and an outer, protective coat

Question 17

pine trees

Answer 17

a fertilised ovule develops into a seed (2n)
seed dispersal
germination to form sporophyte (3n)
female gametophytes (2n) develop from spores within ovule cones
male gametophytes (2n) develop from spores within pollen cones
Both produce haploid spores via meiosis
male becomes pollen (n)
female becomes ovule (n)
pollen is released into the air and transported by wind; some land on ovule cones
before fertilisation can occur, the pollen must germinate to form a pollen tube that grows to the female gametophyte

Question 18

ovule cones

Answer 18

upper branches

produce spores that develop into female gametophytes which produce female gametes

Question 19

pollen cones

Answer 19

lower in tree

produce spores that develop into male gametophytes which produce male gametes

Question 20

seeds contain tissue from 3 generations

Answer 20

outside: protective seed coat
centre: embryo develops from zygote and represent next sporophyte generation
inside: embryo surrounded by haploid female gametophyte for nutrients

Question 21

seeds function

Answer 21

store more resources for growth for next generation

high levels of proteins and oils

Question 22

seed dormancy

Answer 22

can delay germination even when conditions for grwoth are favourable
most favourable with small seeds
during seed maturation, lose water so metabolism drops and embryo stops growing, allows dormancy

Question 23

flower

Answer 23

angiosperm pollen and ovules produced

Question 24

flower parts

Answer 24

outer whorls, inner whorls, carpels, ovary, stamen, sepals, petals

Question 25

outer whorls

Answer 25

sepals and petals

Question 26

inner whorls

Answer 26

pollen producing stamens and ovule producing carpels

Question 27

carpels

Answer 27

modified leaves that are folded over and sealed along edges to form hollow chamber sporangia produced on inner surface one or more carpels on each flower

Question 28

ovary

Answer 28

one to many ovules develop protects the ovules from being eaten or damaged by animals but makes it impossible for pollen to land; pollen instead lands on stigma

Question 29

stamen

Answer 29

consists of a filament that supports a structure known as the anther, which contains several sporangia

Question 30

outer whorls

Answer 30

produce neither pollen nor ovules | instead contribute to reproduciton in other way

Question 31

sepal

Answer 31

encase and protect flower during development

Question 32

petal

Answer 32

attract and orient animal pollinators, produce volatile oils

Question 33

angiosperm- self compatible species

Answer 33

pollen and ovules produced by flowers on the same plant can form viable offspring

Question 34

angiosperm- self incompatible species

Answer 34

pollen transferred between different plants

Question 35

angiosperm male gametophyte

Answer 35

3 cells | one controls growth of the pollen tube while other two are male gametes or sperm

Question 36

angiosperm female gametophyte

Answer 36

8 nuclei | 6 haploid cells and a central cell with 2 nuclei

Question 37

angiosperm endosperm

Answer 37

develops only when fertilisation has occurred

Question 38

fruits

Answer 38

as fertilised egg develops to form an embryo and the endosperm proliferates around it, the ovary wall develops into a fruit, stimulated by signalling molecules produced by the endosperm fruits protect immature seeds from being preyed on by animals, and enhance dispersal once seeds are mature

Question 39

asexually produced plants disperse

Answer 39

with and without seeds most reproduce asexually without seeds, instead new plant grows out of part of parent plant or through vegetative reproduction

Question 40

apomixis

Answer 40

seeds develop even in the absence of fertilisation (asexually)

Question 41

haploid female gametophyte within the

Answer 41

ovule

Question 42

pollen

Answer 42

multicellular male gametophyte and surrounding outer wall containing sporopollenin

Question 43

if ovule is fertilised

Answer 43

develops into seed