Week 6 Flashcards
essential AA
cannot be synthesised by body
ingested by diet
8/20 all AA
incisors
specialised for biting and cutting
canines
piercing body of prey
premolars and molars
crushing and shredding tougher foods like meat and fibrous plant
3 stages of digestion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
foregut
mouth
esophagus
stomach/crop
midgut
small intenstine
hindgut
large intenstine and rectum
amylase
in mouth
breaks down carbohydrates
lipase
in secretions from tongue
breaks down lipids
protein site of digestion
stomach and SI
E: pepsin, trypsin
carbohydrate site of digestion
mouth and SI
E: salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, lactase
lipid site of digestion
mouth, stomach, SI
E: lingual (tongue) lipase, gastric (stomach) lipase, pancreatic lipase
3 parts of SI
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
lining of the digestive tract
lumen mucosa submucosa inner circular muscle layer outer longitudinal muscle layer serosa mesentry
lumen
central space through which the gut contents travel
mucosa
secretes enzymes and mucus, and absorbs nutrient
submucosa
contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
inner circular muscle layer
contracts to reduce lumen size
outer longitudinal muscle layer
contracts to shorten small sections of the gut
serosa
outer layer of cells and connective tissue that covers and protects the gut
mesentry
membrane through which blood vessels, nerves and lymph travel to supply the gut
kidneys
excretory organs of vertebrates
nephron
glomerulus
capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
nephrons function
filtration of blood passing through glomerulus
reabsorption from renal tubule back into bloodstream of key electrolytes and solutes
secretion of additional wastes and electrolytes by renal tubules
energy usage
70% basic life processes
30% physical activity
positive energy balance
more energy input
negative energy balance
more energy output
dietary minerals
chemical elements other than C,H,O and N that are required in cells and must be obtained in the food that an animal eats
suspension filter feeding
aquatic animals
water with food suspended is passed through a sievelike structure
suction feeding and active swimming
large aquatic animals
Rapid expansion of the fish’s mouth cavity draws water and the desired prey into the mouth
After the fish closes its mouth, the water is pumped out of the mouth past the gills
Prey is trapped in mouth, moves into pharynx and is broken up by specialised pharyngeal jaws before being swallowed
temporomandibular joint
a specialised jaw joint with specialised teeth that enable mammals to break down a variety of food mechanically before swallowing
biomass
mass of living things in an area
liver
produces bile
removes toxins
salivary glands
release amylase to breakdown carbohydrate
secretions from tongue
lipase breaks down lipids
mouth
mechanical breakdown of food
stomach
gastrin produced- stimulates HCl secretion
pepsin produces- breaks down proteins
gastric lipases- break down lipids
pancreas
produces enzymes for SI
amylase- break down carbohydrates
lipase- break down lipids
SI
acid from stomach neutralised
nutrients absorbed
final digestion
produces lactase
LI
absorbing water and inorganic ions from our food and storing the semi solid waste for disposal
gallbladder
bile produced by liver stored until required
signalled to release when fats enter SI
CKK
released when fats enter duodenum
causes gallbladder to contract
ruminants
four chambered stomach
rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
hindgut fermentation
mammalian herbivores
colon and cecum
less efficient nutrient extractor
urea
less toxic than ammonia
produced in liver
carried by blood to kidneys
eliminated from kidneys
excretory organs
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
order during starvation
glycogen
fat
protein
