Week 3 Flashcards
primates
nails not claws
versatile thumb
eyes on front of face (Not sides) for stereoscopic vision
prosimians
primate group seperate to the one that gave rise to humans
new world monkeys
nostrils more widely spaced than in old world monkeys
old world monkeys
apes
lesser apes
fourteen species of gibbon, all found in SE Asia
greater apes
orangutans
gorillas
chimps
humans
Closest relative to humans
chimps
hominins
the many different species, including modern humans, that have arisen on the human side of the split since the human/chimp common ancestor
multiregional hypothesis
humans derived from H.ergaster
implies that different H.Ergaster populations throughout Africa and Eurasia evolved in parallel with limited gene flow among them, each producing modern humans
Out of Africa hypothesis
humans Arose more recently from H.ergaster that remained in Africa and descended around 200,000 YA
Cro-magnon
first population of HS to arrive in Europe
Neoteny
long term evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered so that a sexually mature organism still retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form
humans look more like juvenile chimps than adult chimps, suggesting that humans may be neotenous great apes
FOXP2
evolutionary conserved gene that encodes transcription factors that play important roles in development
mutations have difficulty with speech and language
same effect on animals
austrolopithecus afarensis
lucy 3.5 MYA Eastern Africa bipedal curved fingers
homo erectus
uprigth man
1 MYA
long legs
expanded brain
homo neanderthalensis
200,000 YA Europe and Asia large brain symbolic behaviour disappeared 30,000 YA
Homo sapiens
from 300,000 YA
global distribution
humans split from chimps
5-7 MYA
Ardi
walked upright on two legs
four limbed in trees
lucy
bipedal
curved fingers
3.5 MYA
A. Afarensis
Individuals that first left Africa 2MYA
H.Ergaster and H.Erecturs
h.floresiensis
extinct 12 000 YA
mtDNA
more abundant
inherited from mother
no genetic recombination
variation only through mutation
breeding between neanderthals and human ancestors
as populations of our ancestors headed from africa into the middle east, they encountered neanderthals and it was then, before modern humans had spread out across the world, that interbreeding took place
% of every non African genome that is neanderthal derived
1-4%
Denisovans and neanderthal
also interbred but neanderthal not in mtDNA
possible that neanderthal mtDNA lineage has been lost via genetic drift or sex based differences
King and Wilson
small changes in software could have major impact even though basic hardware same
homo sapiens physiological
foramen magnum centres
spine s shaped- weight directly over pelvis
pelvis reconfigured for upright posture
long legs
narrow foot with more developed heel and larger big toe
more genetic variation in african populations
those who migrated out of africa started off with very little variation anyway
homo order
Homo ergaster → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens
order of developments
bipedalism → more dexterous thumbs → human jaw → language
denaturation conclusions
that the chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than gorillas are
The first DNA comparison studies between humans and chimpanzees relied on which of the following?
The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point.
