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BIO1022 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

physical barriers

A 
Skin 
Mucus 
Acid in gut 
Enzymes in secretions 
Commensal bacteria
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2
Q

soluble responses

A

circulating proteins that can recognise pathogen, deal with pathogen or assist in this

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3
Q

cellular responses

A

range of immune cells that can recognise and deal with pathogen

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4
Q

Cells associated predominantly with innate immunity

A

myeloid lineage

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5
Q

cell migration events

A

docking (rolling), adhesion, migration (extravasation)

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6
Q

How do our immune cells recognise a pathogen?

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)

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7
Q

What features of pathogens do we recognise?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

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8
Q

PAMPS

A

Structures associated with pathogens and not found in our tissues
Important for survival of a pathogen as a species

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9
Q

toll like receptors (TLRs)

A

A family of PRRs
Innate receptors found in vertebrates and invertebrates
In vertebrates TLRs are found on cell surface and intracellularly

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10
Q

phagocytes

A

neutrophil; macrophage; dendritic cell

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11
Q

steps in phagocytosis

A

Recognition of pathogen (PRR: PAMP)
Engulfment in phagosome
Fusion of phagosome with lysosome (contains destructive cocktail of substances like enzymes and reactive oxygen species)
Generation of phagolysosome exposes pathogen to lysosome content (destruction of pathogen)

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12
Q

Granulocytes

A

Deals with pathogens that are too large to engulf
Intracellular granules which contain cocktail of destructive substances
Act by releasing their granules onto the surface of pathogen (degranulation)
Many cells work together to achieve this

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13
Q

key mechanisms of innate immunity

A

phagocytes- phagocytosis
granulocytes- degranulation
complement- promotes phagocytosis, cell destruction

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14
Q

antigen processing and presentation

A

dendritic cells capturing pathogen and processing it so that T cells can be activated

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15
Q

MHC Class I

A

expressed on all nucleated cells of body

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16
Q

MHC Class II

A

expressed by DC, macrophages, B cells

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17
Q

MHC Class I explain

A

Presents pathogen proteins that are found in the cytoplasm
For a DC initiating the immune response, it presents to CD8 T cells (which only recognise MHC Class 1+ peptide)
For other cells of the body,, if they are infected with virus, they use this MHC to display viral peptide to be recognised by the cytotoxic CD8 T cell for killing

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18
Q

MHC Class II

A

Processes and presents pathogen proteins that originate from outside the cell
For a dendritic cell initiating a response (bacteria or dead infected cells) it presents to CD4 T cells (only recognises MHC Class II + peptide)
Activated CD4 T cells are also called helper T cells
They help CD8 T cells become better cytotoxic T cells
They help B cells secrete the right type of antibody

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19
Q

autoimmunity

A

based on the process of recombination, we will also generate receptors on T and B cells that could react to our own tissues and cause self reactive immunity
This requires a mechanism of immune tolerance to prevent this

20
Q

T cells develop

A

thymus

21
Q

B cells develop

A

bone marrow

22
Q

During development t cells undergo tests

A

If they fail to make a TCR receptor they die
If they make a functional TCR that can recognise the MHC they survive (Positive selection)
During this development process the antigen receptors on T cell can sample our own molecules in the thymus

23
Q

Negative selection t cells

A

If interaction of the receptors and self molecules is very strong, the cell is triggered to die
This removes many of the self reactive T cells that are generated because of the random nature that recombination generates unique receptors

24
Q

IgD

A

found on surface of B cells

25
Q

IgG

A

single unit secreted in high amount into the circulation and important against bacterial and viruses
can cross placenta to baby

26
Q

IgE

A

single unit and found mainly attached to the surface of Mast cells
epithelial layers

27
Q

IgM

A

large and made up of 5 singles units joined at the tail

blood circulation

28
Q

IgA

A

dimer and actively transported across epithelial surfaces found in respiratory, gastrointestinal system etc.; transported in breast milk

29
Q

neutralisation

A

antibodies bind to bacteria and prevent their invasion or entry

30
Q

opsonisation

A

coating of pathogen by antibody

31
Q

2 parts of the viral life cycle

A

Intracellular: following infection and assembly
Extracellular: upon release to infect new cells

32
Q

Humoral response

A

b cells and antibodies

33
Q

stem cells specialised

A

into a type of two progenitor cells (myeloid or lymphoid)
myeloid are innate cells
lymphoid become adaptive cells

34
Q

lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes allow cells and fluid from the tissues to drain through the lymph nodes and mount an immune response; the lymph fluid then drains back into the blood circulation
When a pathogen is encountered, it is carried to the lymph node by a dendritic cell
Within the lymph node there are many T and B cells that continually circulate

35
Q

if infection in blood

A

taken by dendritic cell to spleen

36
Q

CD8 cytotoxic T cell

A

only interact with MHC Class I

37
Q

CD4 helper T cells

A

only interact with MHC Class II

38
Q

t cell antigen receptor

A

surface of t cells
each t cell expresses only 1 type of TCR
cannot be secreted

39
Q

amino acid sequence in TCR vary most

A

in variable region

40
Q

b cell antigen receptor

A

when expressed on b cell surface, called b cell receptor (BCR)
can be secreted to form antibodies

41
Q

B cell antigen receptors regions

A

variable
diverse
junctional
each B cells chooses one of V D and J genomic segments to make antigen binding site

42
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

pathogen/antigen captured and DC moves to the lymph node where they can present pathogen
Within the lymph node, DC and T cell interact
T cell with TCR that recognises the MHC + Peptide will be activated
For CD4 T cells this is via MHC Class II, for CD8 T cells this is via MHC Class I
Clonal expansion of antigen specific t cells
This will generate a group of CD4 T helper cells and a group of CD8 cytotoxic T cells
T helper cells will then interact with antigen specific B cells to promote their proliferation
B cell can also process and present antigen on surface MHC class II
If the TCR on the T cell sees the same MHC+peptide on the B cell as presented by the DC it will activate the B cell to proliferate and secrete antibodies
Within the lymph node, the interaction of dendritic cell, T and B cells leads to generation of: CD4 T helper cells; CD8 cytotoxic T cells; antibody producing B cells (plasma cells )

43
Q

monomer AB

A

igG
IgD
IgE

44
Q

pentameter AB

A

IgM

45
Q

dimer AB

A

IgA

46
Q

Adaptive immune responses are generated in

A

lymphoid organs

BIO1022 (13 decks)

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