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Leah GIL > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What factors control food intake?

A

Physical
- Stomach/rumen/ crop size etc

Chemical
- Glucose, CCK (cholecystokinin) in non ruminants
- VFAs In ruminants

Nervous/hormonal:
- Leptin & ghrelin?

Physiological:
- Energy density

Palatability

Deficiencies

Illness

Heat (hot eat less),

Obesity

Availability

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2
Q

Why do we need to predict/estimate food intake

A

Diet formulation

Feed availability

Feed budgeting

Reducing feed wastage

Determining stocking densities

Conservation management –how many fields can lay up

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3
Q

How can you optimise voluntary food intake

A

Clean troughs (so they can get to clean feed), enough trough space

Provide food at all times

Adequate clean potable water (inc feed moisture)

Good quality feed

No moulds/spoilage (optimum mins/vits)

Mixed forages – intakes better of mixes than single type

Short chop length – decreased transit time (decreased digestibility)

Increase palatability

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4
Q

What factors affect digestibility

A

Food composition

Diet/Ration composition

Preparation
- Rolling, crushing, grinding, alkali (NaOH, Urea/ammonia), heating, micronisation

Enzyme supplementation

Animal factors
- Individual variation
- Species variation
* Forages have higher digestibility for Ruminants than non ruminants (due to bacteria)
* Sheep tend to digest grain better than cattle
* Cattle tend to digest low quality forage better than sheep

Level of feeding
- More eaten faster passage time - less time for digestive action of enzymes gives lower apparent digestibility
- Mainly affects slowly digested components eg cell wall - fibre

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5
Q

What affects grass digestibility

A

Grass digestibility decreases as grass grows due to more structural carbs and less storage carbs

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6
Q

Describe the impact of lignin on digestibility

A

High in wood, straw and hay

High resistance to chemical degradation

Will reduce digestibility of closely associated structural polysacchrarides e.g., cellulose

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7
Q

Name the fibre fractions of crude fibre

A

NDF - neutral detergent fibre
ADF - acid detergent fibre
MADF - modified acid detergent fibre

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8
Q

describe the composition of food

A

Water

Dry matter
- Inorganic (ash)
* Minerals
- Organic
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids
* Organic acids
* Vitamins

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9
Q

What fractions is feedstuffs broken down into in proximate analysis?

A

Moisture
Ash
Crude protein (CP)
Crude fibre (NDF, ADF, MADF)
Ether extract (EE)
Nitrogen free extractives (NFE)

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10
Q

Define gross energy of feed

A

Total energy feed contains

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11
Q

What is digestible energy

A

Energy from food animal can access

remainder is mainly lignin & other indigestible compounds

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12
Q

What is metabolisable energy

A

energy available for utilisation by the animal

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13
Q

What is net energy

A

the proportion of metabolisable energy that can be used for maintenance, growth, lactogenesis, production of wool/hair, growth of a foetus

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14
Q

What is K factor & what does it mean

A

The conversion efficiency of metabolisable energy into net energy

Some energy is lost as heat during digestion and metabolism

k factor = NE/ME

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15
Q

What is heat increment

A

the difference between metabolisable energy and net energy

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16
Q

What processes lead to the production of heat increment

A

Chewing, rumination, digestive motor activity

Production and secretion of digestive juices

Hydrolysis and metabolism of nutrients in lumen and wall of GIT and active transport across

Metabolism of absorbed nutrients and synthesis of macromolecules

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17
Q

What is diet quality/metabolisability

A

the proportion of gross energy that is metabolisable

q = ME/GE

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18
Q

What is animal production level (APL)

A

how hard the animal is working above maintenance requirements

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19
Q

As production within animal increases why does efficiency factor (k) decrease

A

More food must be eaten => GIT transit time decreases => less time to extract available nutrients

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20
Q

Label the metabolisable energy system

A
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21
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

expenditure of energy per given time

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22
Q

What is basal metabolic rate

A

energy expenditure for basic life processes at rest

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23
Q

What is fasting metabolic rate

A

‘animal’ version of BMR
Usually higher than BMR as movement occurs

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24
Q

What is resting metabolic rate

A

amount of energy a non-production animal requires to live without gaining or losing weight

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25
Q

What is field metabolic rate

A

Average metabolic rate of an animal
includes energy required to hunt, graze, socially interact, reproduce

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26
Q

How do you calculate metabolic intensity

A

Metabolic rate/kg body mass

Metabolic rate tends to be higher in small animals

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27
Q

What is undegraded dietary protein

A

Protein that escapes digestion in rumen

Dependent on rumen outflow rate and protein source (some proteins more resistant to digestion)

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28
Q

What are the limiting AA’s in pigs & poultry

A

Pigs - lysine and methionine
Poultry - lysine, methionine, tryptophan

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29
Q

Describe the fractions of protein

A
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30
Q

What is rough grazing

A

common land

little or no additional inputs

Usually sheep & suckler cows

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31
Q

What is permanent pasture

A

Land in ‘grassland’ production

Often hilly & poorer fields with streams

Likely to have diverse plant species

Usually lower yielding but also lower inputs

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32
Q

What are short term leys/temporary pastures

A

Usually part of arable rotation

Better quality land

May include clover to enhance protein

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33
Q

What is continuous grazing

A

few fields rather than lots of paddocks

different fields grazed during day and night

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34
Q

Which type of field is most likely to be grazed with a continuous system

A

permanent pastures

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35
Q

What is zero grazing

A

grass is cut and carted to livestock daily

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36
Q

What are the pros and cons of zero grazing

A

Pros:
- high output
- grass quality can be controlled by cutting frequency
- integrated with silage making

Cons:
- high cost of machinery and labour
- risk of breakdowns
- no fresh faeces on pasture

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37
Q

What is rotational grazing

A

lots of paddocks
3-4 week rotations

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38
Q

What is a paddock grazing system

A

divides field into paddocks

rotate livestock to graze and rest grass

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39
Q

What is strip grazing & how can it be used to increase intakes & decrease spoilage

A

Use of temporary fencing to control access to fresh grazing

Allows restricted feeding and reduces waste

Prevents defecation/urination on fresh material

Allows extra grass to be conserved

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40
Q

How does paddock/rotational system integrate with conservation?

A

biodiversity preservation

soil health

water conservation

reduced chemical inputs

enhanced nutrient cycling

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41
Q

What is back fencing & what is the benefit

A

Temporary fences to protect recently grazed areas

allows quicker recovery

Good for weaning to gradually separate young animals from mothers

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42
Q

What are the pros & cons of no fence fencing

A

pros:
- flexibility in grazing management
- reduced physical barriers
- adaptability

Cons:
- relies on tech
- initial cost
- learning curve for animals

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43
Q

Why are leader/follower systems used in paddock or rotational systems?

A

Allows for high yielders to graze ahead of low yielders so they get all the nutrients they need

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44
Q

What is forward/creep grazing

A

allows small group (often young or lactating animals) to access pasture first to optimise nutrition of herd

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45
Q

What is poaching

A

damage to turf caused by feet of livestock

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46
Q

Where is poaching most likely to occur

A

highly-stocked fields in wet conditions

Around inappropriately or overflowing water troughs

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47
Q

How is poaching reduced on dairy farms where cattle are brought in to milk often

A

Well designed laneways/cow tracks

Rotational grazing

Strategic gate placement

Rest periods for pasture

Correct stocking density

Regular monitoring of pasture

Strategic water trough placement

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48
Q

What is deferred grazing? why do this?

A

leaving a section of pasture ungrazed for extended period

Improve biodiversity which enhances pasture quality

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49
Q

What is the difference between italian & perennial ryegrass? When would they be used?

A

Italian:
- completes lifecycle in 1 year and establishes quickly
- high quality forage but short lifespan
- used to provide high quality forage in winter months

Perennial:
- high quality pasture that grows slowly with long lifespan
- used for long-term pasture

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50
Q

Why would a patch high in clover be used for finishing weaned lambs?

A

clover is high in protein

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51
Q

compare rotational & continuous grazing in terms of controlling worm burdens

A

Continuous controls via prevention (worming)

Rotational controls via evasion

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52
Q

Describe grass hay

A

Produced by harvesting grass at early vegetative stage

High protein & digestible fibre

Grass is cut in field & left to dry in sun

Once dried it is baled into compact units for storage

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53
Q

describe grass haylage

A

Harvested earlier than hay

Baled with higher moisture than hay

Bales wrapped in airtight plastic to create anaerobic environment for fermentation

Higher nutrient retention than hay

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54
Q

Describe grass silage

A

Harvested at similar time to haylage

Grass cut & chopped into smaller pieces

Ensiled in airtight conditions for fermentation

Stored in silage pits

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55
Q

Describe wholecrop cereal silage

A

Includes entire cereal plant which is harvested at grain stage

crop is chopped & ensiled to preserve entire plant (including grain)

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56
Q

Suggest a grazing system for each example

A
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57
Q

What is chain harrowing

A

spreading faecal material and soil from poaching

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58
Q

What is topping

A

cutting off mature stemmy material to allow more young regrowth

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59
Q

What is clean grazing?

A

annual rotation of grass fields to different animals

Break worm lifecycles

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60
Q

Describe maize silage

A

Harvesting entire plant at milk stage

Chopped into small pieces & ensiled to preserve high energy forage

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61
Q

What is colostrum?

A

First milk produced after parturition

Yellow & thick due to it being high in fat & sugars

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62
Q

What does colostrum contain?

A

High in fat and sugars

High IgG, IgM, IgA

Neutrophils and macrophages

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63
Q

Why is colostrum so important to farm animals

A

Ruminants, pigs, camelids & equine have epitheliochorial placentas which don’t allow passage of IgG in utero

So all maternal IgG transferred via colostrum

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64
Q

Why is colostrum important to neonates

A

Gut health - stimulates neonates immature digestive system

Nutrition

Immunity

Prevent hypothermia - neonates have low % of adipose tissue so cannot thermoregulate properly

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65
Q

What is the role of each specific immunoglobulin found in colostrum

A

IgG:
- only Ig that can cross placental barrier
- absorbed across GIT to provide systemic protection

IgA:
- mucosal protection by prevention of pathogen attachment

IgM:
- first to interact with pathogens and cause agglutination

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66
Q

Describe the absorption of colostral IgG

A

By pinocytosis:
- Cells engulf IgG from intestinal lumen and transfer across lymphoreticular system
- enter bloodstream

2 isoforms:
- IgG1 and IgG2
- IgG1 is re-secreted into GIT lumen

‘gut closure’ at 24h of age as pinocytotic cells die

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67
Q

What is passive transfer

A

Process by which neonate acquires immunity via absorption of immunoglobulins

When neonates consume adequate amount of immunoglobulins, they are classified as having successful passive transfer of maternal antibodies

In contrast, if they are deprived of adequate colostrum, they are considered to have had failure of passive transfer (FPT) of maternal antibodies

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68
Q

What are the 5 Qs of colostrum management?

A

Quality
Quantity
Quickly
Quite clean
Quantify

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69
Q

What affects colostrum quality

A

premature/induced birth

Breed & age differences

Length of non-lactation period
- if less than 3 weeks results in poor quality colostrum

Time from birth to milking/stripping milk from mother

Disease

Poor BCS

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70
Q

What are possible sources of colostrum

A

Dam

Fresh but different dam (same holding)

Stored colostrum

Replacer-not supplement

Different animal species

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71
Q

describe storage of colostrum

A

Refrigeration

Frozen (do not thaw quickly as high temps will denature immunoglobulins)

Pasteurisation

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72
Q

What happens as a result of passive transfer of AB from colostrum

A

Health advantages

Reduces pre and post weaning mortality due to infectious disease

Increases daily live weight gain

Breeding animals have better fertility

Increased milk production in 1st and 2nd lactations

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73
Q

What are the implications of failure of passive transfer of AB from colostrum

A

short and long term health problems

Impacts on longevity

Increased risk of disease e.g., sepsis, neonatal scours

Increased risk of mortality

Stunted growth and development

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74
Q

how can colostrum quality be measured?

A

Colostrometer:
- measures specific gravity
- directly related to Ig content
- >50 mg/ml is good quality

Brix refractometer:
- measures protein fraction
- 22% brix = good quality

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75
Q

Why is it bad to give small amount of colostrum & wait to give the rest?

A

Initial amount can stimulate epithelial lining of SI to close so rest of colostrum cannot be absorbed correctly

76
Q

How can we measure colostral antibody transfer

A

Brix refractometer used to measure protein fraction from neonates serum sample

Foal IgG snap tests (ELISA)

77
Q

How can failure of passive transfer of Ab be corrected?

A

Serum transfusion:
- blood from healthy adult spun to harvest serum (containing antibodies)
- serum is transfused into neonate

78
Q

Describe the differences between GIT of ruminating cattle & non-ruminating calves

A

Ruminating cattle:
- solid food source (concentrates and forage)
- 70-80% rumen size
- Numerous absorptive papillae
- pH = 6.2 - 7
- anaerobic microbiome for bacterial growth

Non-ruminating calf:
- liquid food source (milk)
- 25-30% rumen size
- no absorptive ability due to lack of developed papillae
- pH = 5-5.3
- sterile microbiome

79
Q

What is needed to help rumen development

A

Inoculation and establishment of anaerobic ruminal microbial ecosystem

Initiation of starter feed consumption

Fermentation processes and absorption mechanisms

80
Q

What stimulates growth of ruminal papillae

A

Presence of VFAs

81
Q

What is paraketosis

A

Excessive development of papillae

82
Q

What is the effect of low pH on rumen?

A

Undesired shift in microflora

Inefficient digestion

Decrease in rumen motility

increased keratinisation

Weaning = common time for low rumen pH because volume of starter intake increases

83
Q

describe rumen microbiome development

A

Sterile in newborn calf

Gain bacteria from environment and colostrum/milk

Starch (concentrates) => increase in gram -ve bacteria

Fibre (forage) => increase in gram +ve bacteria

84
Q

Compare Skimmed, whey and plant-based milk replacer

A
85
Q

What are the aims of feeding solids to calves

A

Stimulate microbial population

Stimulate rumen papillae formation

Development of rumination

Increase rumen capacity

Provide energy

Impact behaviour

86
Q

What is the aim of concentrate feeding in calves

A

Provide VFAs from starch:
- microbial fermentation
- rumen epithelial development
- provide energy

87
Q

Describe how to concentrate feed calves

A

small amount offered from day 3 after milk

Consumption starts at 2 weeks

Energy source at 3 weeks

Rumen functioning at 10-12 weeks

Calves housed together => learned behaviour

88
Q

What are the aims of forage feeding calves

A

High fibre and lignin:
- development of ruminal muscular layers
- mitigate low rumen pH
- establishment of microflora prior to weaning
- chopped to 3-4cm long - improves intake of concentrate

Introduced from day 3
should be available by 2 weeks

89
Q

Why is water consumption important in calves

A

Early water consumption is important for:
- Rumen development
- Improved grain fermentation
- Better starter intake
- Provision of some GI bacteria

Offered from day 3 of age (ideally available from birth)

90
Q

What are we looking for at weaning?

A
91
Q

When are beef calves normally weaned

A

6-8 months

92
Q

When should creep feed be introduced to beef calves and why

A

6-10 wks prior to weaning:
- reduces stress
- minimise drop in performance
- reduce pneumonia risk

93
Q

When are dairy calves normally weaned

A

Min of 6 weeks of age

Common 8 weeks of age

94
Q

What is step-down weaning in dairy calf weaning

A

Encourages starter intake during pre-weaning period

25-50% reduction in milk 10-14 days prior to weaning

2nd reduction 5-7 days pre-weaning

Increased solid feed consumption =>
- rumen development
- higher starter intake
- high BW gain after weaning

95
Q

What are signs of problems with transition at weaning

A

reduced growth rates

GI issues e.g., bloat or diarrhoea (Scours)
increased levels of disease e.g., pneumonia

96
Q

Describe the diet of dairy calves at:
0-8 weeks
8-10 weeks
10 weeks +

A
97
Q

Describe the diet of beef calves at:
Birth
Run up to weaning
Weaned

A
98
Q

Describe the diet of lambs at:
Birth
Weaning
growing

A
99
Q

Why should silage feeding be avoided in growing ruminants

A

rumen cannot utilize silage properly until it is fully functional

100
Q

What is the target growth for calves

A

0.8kg per day

55-60% mature BW at 13-15 months

101
Q

What is the target growth for lambs

A

250g per day (min)

Wean at ~12-14 weeks

60% mature BW at mating at 18-20 months

102
Q

Compare homegrown forages to purchased feeds for dairy cow diets

A
103
Q

How much does a lactating vs dry cow eat in a day

A

Lactating:
20-25 kg dry matter per day

Dry:
12-16 kg dry matter per day

104
Q

Describe total mixed ration (no individual feeding) feeding system of dairy cows

A

All concentrate feed is mixed with forage and fed with ad lib access

All cows in same group get exactly the same each day

105
Q

Describe individual feeding systems of dairy cows

A

Ad lib access to either sample forage or mixed ration of forage plus concentrate

Additional concentrate fed via milking parlour or out-of-parlour feeding stations

More scope to tailor ration to specific cow

Concentrate feed is in 2 large meals

106
Q

What are the effects of negative energy balance on dairy cows

A

Reduced milk quality

Decreased fertility

Impaired immune function (=> metritis, mastitis)

Role in other disease e.g. LDA

107
Q

How can you prevent negative energy balance via feed in dairy cows?

A

maximise feed intake pre and post calving

Formulating appropriate pre and post calving diets:
- easy to over-feed during dry period
- need high energy density after calving

108
Q

Describe hypocalcaemia in dairy cows & how it can be prevented

A

Sudden increase in Ca demand at calving => hard to mobilise stores rapidly => blood Ca conc can fall => skeletal and smooth muscle cannot contract properly

Feeding in last 3wks pre-calving:
- DCAB manipulation
- Calcium restriction
- targeted supplementation

109
Q

How is rumen acidosis prevented via feeding in dairy cows

A

good feed intake to supply energy (rather than high energy density)

Sufficient ‘long’ fibres

Avoid large concentrate (starchy) meals

110
Q

What are the essential vitamins of ruminants

A

A
D
E

111
Q

Define deficiency (nutrition)

A
112
Q

Define imbalance (nutrition)

A
113
Q

Define interaction (nutrition)

A
114
Q

Define micro or trace element (mineral) (nutrition) + examples

A
115
Q

Define macro-element (mineral) (nutrition)

A
116
Q

Define essential nutrient

A
117
Q

Define bioavailability (nutrition)

A
118
Q

Define pica (nutrition)

A
119
Q

What are the essential macro and microminerals

A
120
Q

Why are ruminants more likely to suffer mineral problems

A

rumen is not optimised for digesting minerals

121
Q

What is the impact of high calcium on other macrominerals in large animal dites

A

Increased uptake of molybdenum

Lowered manganese, zinc, copper and cobalt

Reduced magnesium absorption

122
Q

What is the impact of phosphorous in excess of calcium in large animal diets

A

Inhibits absorption of calcium

Ideal Ca:P = 2:1

123
Q

What is the impact of high potassium on other macrominerals in large animal diets

A

Inhibits magnesium absorption

124
Q

What is the impact high cations (esp. K & Na) on other macrominerals in large animal diets

A

Inhibits calcium mobilisation

125
Q

What is the impact of high sulphur on other macrominerals in large animal diets

A

Inhibits absorption of selenium

126
Q

What is the micromineral interaction between iron and manganese in large animal diets?

A

Iron reduces manganese availability

127
Q

What is the effect of selenium deficiency on other microminerals in large animal diets?

A

leads to iodine deficiency

128
Q

Describe copper interactions in the ruminant

A

Sulphur and molybdenum form thiomolybdate => attract copper, making it unavailable (secondary deficiency/ ‘lock up’)

129
Q

What are vitamins

A
130
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble & fat soluble

A

Water soluble:
C, B

Fat soluble:
A, D, E, K

131
Q

describe the effect of sulphur toxicity & vitamin B1 deficiency in ruminants

A

Elevated rumen sulphide conc (from diet) destroys microbial B1 (thiamine)

Functional B1 production halted by increased thiaminase-producing bacteria

B1 deficiency disrupts enzymes in energy metabolism pathways

Damages superficial brain tissue due to altered glucose metabolism
=> blindness, mal-coordination, lethargy, seizures

132
Q

Describe vitamin B12 synthesis in ruminants

A

Rumen microbes synthesise B12 from dietary cobalt

B12 absorbed in intestine, transferred, to blood, stored in liver and muscles or secreted in milk

133
Q

Describe the mineral audit

A
134
Q

What do samples collected from animal in mineral audit indicate

A

Concentrations in blood used to detect deficiencies

Enzyme functions used for microminerals at marginal or normal concs

Liver concentrations show accumulation and depletion

Urine can show dietary supply or excess

135
Q

When doing a mineral audit how many samples should we collect? From which animals? And which should be avoided?

A
136
Q

What is the role of calcium, the signs of a calcium deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
skeletal formation, milk production, nerve function

Signs:
Tremors close to birthing
Depressed and abnormal growth in young stock
Weak bones
Spontaneous fractures

Risks:
older mothers
reduced dry matter intake
low Mg, high P, low Ca feeds

137
Q

What is the role of phosphorous, the signs of its deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
Skeletal formation, energy utilisation and metabolism

Signs:
Reduced growth, decreased appetite, reduced milk production, fragile bones (osteomalacia)

Risks:
older mothers
mature pastures
AI contamination
low soil phosphorous

138
Q

What is the role of magnesium, the signs of its deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
muscle control, nerve function, enzymatic function

Signs:
anorexia, decreased feed intake, un-coordinated movement, muscle twitching

Risks:
high K or N (fertiliseed pasture)
Spring grass
Cold snaps
stress

139
Q

What is the role of iron, the signs of its toxicity and its risk factors?

A

Role:
Blood cell formation and enzyme activity

Signs:
inhibits copper absorption, bacterial infection, diarrhoea, reduced feed intake, weight gain

Risks:
high Fe pastures
soil contamination of silages

140
Q

What is the role of copper, the signs of its deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
Enzyme systems, respiration, fertility

Signs:
anaemia, fragile bones, infertility, delayed oestrus, reduced immune function, neonatal ataxia, hair and pigmentation loss, ill-thrift

Risks:
low pasture Cu
high levels of antagonists in diet

141
Q

What are the signs of copper toxicity and what are its risk factors

A

haemolytic crisis (jaundice, haematuria)

risk factors:
- stressors
- illness
- species & breed

142
Q

What is the role of cobalt, the signs of its deficiency and the risk factors?

A

Role:
Vit B12 production

Signs:
B12 deficiency, poor immune function, pale skin and mucosa, ill-thrift

Risks:
youngstock
lush grazing
dry weather

143
Q

What is the role of selenium, the signs of its deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
Antioxidant

Signs:
White muscle disease (wasting), poor repro performance, ill thrift, stiff gait, weak calves

Risks:
youngstock
high rainfall
lush pasture
phosphate fertiliser
clover-based sward

144
Q

What is the role of iodine, the signs of its deficiency and its risk factors?

A

Role:
metabolism

Signs:
Goiter, reduced fertility, hairless calves

Risks:
low iodine during gestation
goitrogens in feed
high rainfall

145
Q

What are the signs of lead toxicity and its risk factors

A

Anorexia
Rumen stasis
Colic
Constipation followed by diarrhoea

If severe poisoning: neurological signs, blindness, head pressing, loss of co-ordination

Risks:
contact with lead-containing objects or ingestion of lead contaminated soil

146
Q

What is the role of vitamin A, the signs of its deficiency and the risk factors?

A

Role:
vision, bone growth, immunity, maintenance of epithelial tissue

Signs:
night blindness, poor growth, poor coats, suppressed immunity, retained placenta, impaired fertility

Risk:
youngstock
pasture in drought
lack of green pasture at parturition
breed
stress

147
Q

What is the role of vitamin D, the signs of its deficiency and the risk factors?

A

Role:
Ca and P metabolism, immune function

Signs:
soft, porous, poorly developed bones (rickets)
inappetence, decreased growth, stiff gait, stillborn and deformed calves

Risks:
youngstock
year round housing
heavy coated, thick wooled and dark pigmented animals

148
Q

What is the role of vitamin E, the signs of its deficiency and the risk factors?

A

Role:
antioxidant, immune function and development, muscle growth

Signs:
Poor immune status, muscular myopathy, white muscle disease

Risks:
youngstock
drought
lack of green pasture

149
Q

What is the role of vitamin K, the signs of its deficiency and the risk factors?

A

Role:
blood clotting factors

Signs:
poor blood clotting, internal bleeding, haemotoma

Risks:
mouldy silage

150
Q

What are the possible causes & solutions to lambs not growing as quickly as they should be?

A

Worms - worming them/move them to different field

Poor pasture quality - rotate pastures & ensure pastures have enough time to rest, increase biodiversity

pasture management - leader/follower with pre-weaned lambs to make sure lambs get enough nutrients & eat clean grass

colostrum - ensure all lambs have colostrum within 6 hours of life

pasture size - ensure pasture is big enough so all lambs get enough nutrition

151
Q

What are common differentials for diarrhoea in neonatal horses

A

foal heat
rotavirus
salmonella
clostridia

152
Q

What are the common differentials of diarrhoea in weanling horses?

A

parasites

153
Q

What are the common differentials for diarrhoea in adult horses?

A

clostridia
salmonella
parasites
antibiotics

154
Q

What are common differentials for diarrhoea in dogs

A

Gastritis/enteritis
parasites
foreign body
IBD
allergy
neoplasia
kidney failure
endocrine disease

155
Q

What are common differentials for diarrhoea in lizards

A

endoparasites
protozoa
bacterial infection or overgrowth e.g., salmonella
Viral
Stress
Incorrect husbandry

156
Q

What are common differentials for diarrhoea in sheep?

A

Nematodirus battus
coccidiosis

157
Q

What is the recommended diet for pet pigs

A

~70% fruits and veg
~15% grains and cereals
~15% forages

158
Q

What is the recommended diet for commercial pigs

A

Grains and cereals
Proteins
Fibre forages (alfalfa)
Supplements

159
Q

What are the types of commercial pig feeds

A
160
Q

What cant pig eats

A

Feeding processed animal protein & catering waste has been banned

161
Q

What is the main source of energy in pig diets

A

Carbs - typically cereal grains e.g., corn, barley, wheat

162
Q

describe fibre in pig diets

A

Inefficient digesters so aim for <5%

Useful during early gestation and maintenance

Can be used to slow growth or promote lean muscle over fat production in late finishing

Enrichment

163
Q

Describe protein in pig diets

A

Lysine is first limiting AA so diets are formulated on a lysine bases (requirement decreases with age due to increased feed intake)

Cereal grains e.g., corn, barley

164
Q

Describe lipids in pig diets

A

most dietary lipids absorbed are deposited directly into body fat

Linoleic acid only dietary essential FA

supplemental fats and oils added in summer to increase caloric density and maintain energy consumption during hot weather

165
Q

describe vitamins & minerals in pig diets

A

Important macrominerals:
- Ca
- P
- Na

Suckling pigs require supplemental iron during 1st 3 days as milk is low in Fe

166
Q

Describe digestion in piglets

A

GIT not mature until few weeks after weaning

Suckling and weaning pigs require highly digestible raw materials
- e.g. milk products or animal proteins

Can add prebiotics or probiotics

167
Q

Describe creep feeding in piglets

A

Solid feed given during suckling aids intestinal development and eases transition

Introduced from 7-12 days

Aim for 300g of total feed intake per piglet before starting weaning

Highly palatable with large amounts of milk products

Feeding creep while sow is eating increases piglet creep intake

ad lib drinking water

168
Q

describe weaners (pig) diet

A

Weaning is stressful, sudden diet changes reduce performance

Piglets are weaned at 3-5 weeks old

Intake in first few days after weaning is key

Same diet as fed pre-weaning for ~1 week or until 9 kg BW

Feeding milk replacer for short period after weaning can be beneficial to growth & gut health

Highly digestible ingredients (milk products, fish, processed cereals)

169
Q

Describe starters (pig) diet

A

Most starter feed regimes are 2-3-stage, to ensure smooth transition onto grower ration

Young pigs have high nutrient requirement, & small appetite

Diets are high energy & protein, with minerals to support growth

As pigs age, their appetite improves & nutrient requirements decline as growth slows

170
Q

describe growers & finishers (pig) diets

A

As pigs grow, feed intake increases accordingly

No longer require complex diets or specialty ingredients

High levels of protein

Rations include; wheat, barley & high protein soya

171
Q

describe diet for dry sows & gilts

A

Gestating pigs should be fed according to body condition

Gilts are still growing, protein supply must support maternal & foetal growth

Sows (parity 2 onwards), reduced requirement for lysine & increased requirement for energy

Until mid-gestation foetal & mammary development is small, aim to maintain condition without over- or underfeeding

In late gestation foetal demands may increase intake by ~1 kg/day

Avoid overfeeding days prior to farrowing to avoid depressed intake during lactation

172
Q

Describe diet for lactating sows & gilts

A

Sows have higher feed intake than gilts

Gilts may need greater nutrient density

173
Q

What factors affect pig nutrition

A

Genetics - fast growing breeds require more protein e.g., duroc

Temperature:
- too hot => reduced feed intake and efficiency, increases muscle breakdown
- too cold => increases feed intake, more feed directed to heath generation => slow growth

174
Q

What are over conditioned sows prone to

A

stillbirths
poor colostrum and milk production
piglet crushing
fewer parities
delayed return to oestrus
insufficient intake during lactation

175
Q

What are under conditioned sows prone to

A

underdeveloped piglets
poor milk availability
abortions
failure to return to oestrus
fewer parities

176
Q

Describe the nutritional effects of stress on young pigs

A

Villi shrink => reduced SA
Villus atrophy => crypt hyperplasia and increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut)

177
Q

Describe the nutritional effects of cold temperatures on young pigs

A

Reduced intestinal peristalsis => increases ‘bad’ bacterial colonisation

178
Q

What is milk diarrhoea in pigs

A

stronger piglets on front teats gorge on milk

179
Q

What is a growth check in piglets

A

reduced intake post-weaning for ~7-10 days due to stress => diarrhoea and increased mortality risk

180
Q

Why is it important to get a down cow into a sternal position as quickly as possible?

A

decrease pressure on organs/rumen turnover

Muscle/nerve damage can occur

181
Q

What are the MSK differentials for a recumbent cow

A

lameness
muscle wastage (-ve energy balance)
dislocated hip
tendon/ligament rupture

182
Q

What are the GI/metabolic differentials for a recumbent cow

A

Low Mg (staggers)
Milk fever (low Ca)
Ketosis
Acidosis
Fatty liver disease
Toxicity

183
Q

What is grass staggers

A

Mg deficiency/hypomagnesaemia/grass tetany

184
Q

What are the clinical signs of grass staggers

A

Hyperaethesia (sensitive to noises)
Anorexia
High BPM
Uncoordinated movements
Twitching
Spasmodic urination and defecation
Seizures and sudden death
Teeth grinding
excessive salivation

185
Q

How can grass staggers be tested for

A
186
Q

What effect does hypomagnesaemia have on calcium metabolism

A

Decreased Mg => cAMP production => PTH secretion decreased => less Ca

Leah GIL (12 decks)

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