Week 8 Flashcards
Why is Culture in Psychology Important?
- Integral in personality
- Culture connects to representation of self
- Creates a base of similarity and difference
- Naturally tend to intercultural anxiety
Intercultural Anxiety
- Gudykunst 2005
- Affective component of uncertainty
- Ambiguity around unfamiliar situations
- Uncertainty
- Interaction Anxiety
3 Ways Culture can be studied
- Cross-cultural Validation Studies
- Indigenous Cultural Studies
- Cross-Comparisons
Cross Cultura Validation Studies
- Scales & Measures
- Improve on reliability and validity
Indigenous Cultural Studies
- Develop and use in depth descriptions
- Use rich, complex descriptions
- Used for comparison to other cultures
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- Direct comparison between two or more cultures
- Comparisons are psychological in nature
- Often compared in applied experimental models
- Manipulation of IV, data collection or statistical comparisons
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- Direct comparison between two or more cultures
- Comparisons are psychological in nature
- Often compared in applied experimental models
- Manipulation of IV, data collection or statistical comparisons
Investigating Cross Cultural Validation
Studies
* Does not assume reliablity or validity will be found in different cultures
* Unless there is evidence to support two cultures in their similarity
Reliability
- Consistency of a measure
- Can be applied and compared across different samples
Reliability
- Consistency of a measure
- Can be applied and compared across different samples
Validity
- Accurate measurements
- Measures what it is meant to
Validation Studies
Cross culturally these help identify:
* Effectiveness
* Changes
* New models
These are done to actually test how well the previous measures worked in a specific context
Indigenous Cultural Studies
- Develop or use existing theories
- Directly developed fro firsthand cultural immersion
- Make inferences and predictions using psychology variables
- Focus on single cultures
- Can be used to compare and contrast
Cross Cultural Comparisons
- Mostly found in cultural psychology
- Use existing knowledge to compare for similarities
- Also compares differences across variables of interest
- We are more similar than different
Qual Methods vs Quant Methods - Culture
- For cultural investigations a mixed methods approach is essential
- Qual produces insight and perspective
- Allows natural development of narrative
- Quant provides larger generalisability
- Impact and effects of same & different
- Provides evidence for reliablity and validity measures
Psychology is WEIRD
- Western
- Educated
- Industiralised
- Rich
-
Democratic
Psychology has its own cultural profile that often focuses in the higher end of democratic countries
Effects of WEIRD Psychology
- Researchers should be unbiased but creates underrepresentation
- Researchers don’t need lived experience to research a topic e.g. depression
- Experience sparks questions that might not come up without lived experience
- Representation makes research more relevant
Cultural Responsivity
- Creates relevance for disenfranchised communities and cultures
- Essential to inclusive accurate representation
What is Cultural Responsivity?
- A call to action
- Known as Cultural Competence or Social Competence
- Congruent behaviours and attitudes that come together in a community
- Multidimensional position with many layers of Systems & Structures
- We operationalise to focus on social justice and Linguistically diverse
What is Cultural Responsivity?
- A call to action
- Known as Cultural Competence or Social Competence
- Congruent behaviours and attitudes that come together in a community
- Multidimensional position with many layers of Systems & Structures
- We operationalise to focus on social justice and Linguistically diverse
Responsivity and Colonisation
- Social justice emerges as a result of privileging of ‘Colonial’ ideas
- Obligation of those working with indegenous peoples to ensure policy so that all interactions meet all cultural needs
Ethics - Intercultural Research
- Braun & Clarke 2013
Lay out considerations for ethical research
1. Obtain Informed consent and debreif participants
2. Rationale for inclusion or exclusion when selecting people for study
3. Adressing deception
4. Justice
Informed Consent and Debriefing - Intercultural Ethics
Research must adhere to standards
1. Should be readable and use general language
2. Avoid terminology or jargon that could be insensitive or harmful
3. Clear explanation of any culturally relevant issues
4. Clear outline of participants involvement to serve informed consent
Inclusion/Exclusion Clauses
- When selecting participants we may require people with particular qualities
- Must not be discriminatory
- MUST have clear logical rationale for the purpose of the study
Deception
- Potentially has ethical problems
- Deception may have different impacts in different cultures
- Must be investigated and outlined with clear rationale
Principle of Justice
- Avoid exploitation and abuse of participants
Recognise:
1. Participant contribution through time, knowledge, money or vulnerability
2. Appropriate Representation of participants - Standpoint affects interpretation, ensure clear interpretation of the participants view/story
- If researcher is part of an outgroup to participants they should identify as such
Justice and Positions of Power
- Justice becomes even more important when researchers hold power
- We try to act as collaborators
- Concern for social justice and advocacy for marginalised groups
6 Values of Ethical Conduct
- Responsibity
- Reciprocity
- Respect
- Equity
- Cultural Continuity
- Spirit & Integrity
Spirit and integrity
- Connection between the past, present and future
- Respectful and honourable behaviour
- Holds ATSI values together
Reciprocity
- Shared responsibilities and obligations to family and land
- Based on kinship networks
- Also includes sharing of benefits.
Respect
- For dignity and individual ways of living
- Basis of how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples live
Equality
- Recognising the equal value of all individuals
- Fairness and justice
- Right to be different
Survival and protection
- Of culture, language and identity.
- Acknowledging shared values is a significant strength.
Survival and protection
- Of culture, language and identity.
- Acknowledging shared values is a significant strength.
Responsibilty
- Recognition of Country, kinship, caring for others
- Maintenance of cultural and spiritual awareness.
- Do no harm to any person or any place.
- Responsibilities can be shared so others can be held accountable.
Why responsiveness matters
- Villegos & Lucas 2002
- Involving diverse cultures creates richness
- Constructs Knowledge by directing focus of research projects with collaboration
- Improve participation of minorities
- Ensures better visiblity for groups made invisible
Culturally Responsive Practices
- Tap into resources not supplanting them
- Access prior knowledge and beleif
- Use cultural sanctioned collection tools
- Build on participants interest and language resources
- Contribute to self empowerment and develops communities
Who are Indigenous Australians
- Descendants of those in Australia before colonisation
- Two distinct groups
- Torres Strait Islanders - North of Cape York
- Aboriginal people - All over Australia
Who are Indigenous Australians
- Descendants of those in Australia before colonisation
- Two distinct groups
- Torres Strait Islanders - North of Cape York
- Aboriginal people - All over Australia
What makes someone Indigenous?
- An Abogirinal or Torres Strait Islander is a person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander and is accepted as such by the community in which he or she lives.
- It is very important to recognise diversity among Indegenous Australians
- No single ATSI group or culture but many groups, languages, kinships and tribes
Impact of Colonisation
- Indegenous people have experienced significant Trauma
- Violence and Disposession
- Forcible removal of children
- Barred from public spaces and enforced curfew
- Denied education & medical care
- Force labour and earnings withheld - Slavery conditions
Impact of Colonisation
- Indegenous people have experienced significant Trauma
- Violence and Disposession
- Forcible removal of children
- Barred from public spaces and enforced curfew
- Denied education & medical care
- Force labour and earnings withheld - Slavery conditions
Legacy of Colonisation
- Resulted in intergenerational trauma
- Racist beleifs became legislation
- Poor health and wellbeing outcomes
Two key models of health
- Biomedical Model
- Biopsychosocial Model
Indigenous Conseptualisation of Health & Wellbeing
- Physical Wellbeing
- Social Wellbeing
- Emotional Wellbeing
- Mental Wellbeing
- Environmenal Wellbeing
- Cultural Wellbeing
- Spiritual Wellbeing
Culturally Safe Research
Goode et al. (2002) remind us that, as culturally-safe researchers, we should have the capacity to:
1. value diversity
2. conduct self-assessment
3. manage the dynamics of difference
4. acquire and institutionalise cultural knowledge
5. adapt to diversity and the cultural context of communities you serve
Culturally Safe Research
- Responsivity is a journey
- Cultures are changing so responsive is not a destination
- Cultural commitment comes from entire, wholistic framework
