Week 3 Flashcards
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
- allows us to investigate the lived experience of a phenomena
- Instead of predicting or treating, we focus on lived experience of phenomena
- Helps us to undestand people better
- When we see things differently, we can doo things differntly as well
Three types of Qualitative Methods
- Phenomeonlogy
- Ethnopraphy
- Sociolinguistics
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Phenomenology
- Aim is to examine the human experience
- Seek detailed description of people being studied
- Avoids comparison of experience or person
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Ethnography
Aims is to explore a culture or group by immersing into that society
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Sociolinguistics
Seeks to explore dialectical connections with language and people
Possible Methods to Analyse Qualitative Research
- Grounded Theory
- Thematic Content Analysis
- Narrative Analysis
- Interpretive Phenomenonlogical Analysis
Which QM to Choose
Aim
* What is the naure of the question
* Experiential/Interpretive/Critical
Nature of Data
* Interview Transcripts
* Focus Group Transcripts
Archival Texts
* Method
* Which QM is best suited to respond to the aim and data set
IPA
- Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
- First Devised in 1990’s
- Enables researchers to capture qualitative/experiential aspects of dialogue
Aim of IPA
- Explore lived experiences in vivid detail
- Defining individual context
- Attempting to understand what it is like from another point of view
Fundamental Tenets of IPA
Qualconcepts were drawn from 3 areas of Philosophy
* Phenomenology
* Hermeneutics
* Idiography
Phenomenology
- Focus on cognitive experience as it happens
- Not reduced to components or parts
- Developed from Franz Brentano & Edmund Husserl
Franz Brentano 1838-1917
- Ontology - Study of consciousness
- Focus on judging recollecting, expecting, douting, fear, hope and love
- Intentionality within acts and events
- Every mental experience and act is directed toward an object
Edmund Husserl - 1859-1938
- Phenomenology bridges physical world and subjective world
- Phenomenology is teh essece of conscious experience
- Bracketing - Object is exactly how we described it
- Expanded into modern existentialism
- Ontology - Study of existence or what it means
Everyday Lived Experience
- First Order - The actual experience
- Second Order - Mental and affective responses to the experience
More Edmund Huressl
- Experience should be examined in the way that it occurs
- Everything we see can also be experienced
Hermeneutics
- Understanding and interpreting meaning
- Named for Hermes the Greek messengaer of the Gods
- Aristotle who said interpretation is part of logical thinking
Evolution of Hermeneutics
Greek Philosophers
* Knowledge through experience and reason
* Empiricism & Rationalism
Christian Philosophers
* Knowledge should be gained revelation
* Using contemplation of the Bible
Renaissance
* Questions arise around who has authority to interpret the Bible
1. First Church Authorities
2. The Lutheranism - Humans have the ability to understand scripture for themselves; Now uses common tongue
3. Translation - an act of interpretation in and of itself
Secular Hermeneutics
- Made accesible to peop to understand law, medicine, philosophy, and history
- In 18th Century it helped us understand behaviour, consequences of action and human mental life
- Gottfied von Herder 1744-1803 - Understanding empathy for other people and times
- Droyson 1744-1803 - Natural science vs historical methodology (Explanation vs Description)
Hans-Georg Gadamer
- Influenced by Martin Heidegger
- Human nature is interpretive
- Preunderstandings influence interpretation
- Philisophical Hermeneutics - Ontology precedes epistemology
- This challenges the scientific method
- Explore the arts as they reveal truth that scientific method doesn’t
Philosophical Hermenuetics - 1997
The nature of subject matter comes before the methodolgy
Contradicts the scientific method where you choose the “right” methodology first, then start the research
This challenges the Scientific Method
Gadamer’s Six Hermeneutic Concepts
- Hermeneutic Circle
- Horizon
- Fusion of Horizons
- Tradition & Prejudice
- Langauge
- Dialogue
Gadamers - Hermeneutic Circle
- Understanding is always framed by something already understood
- Understand the whole to understand the parts
- Understand the parts to make sense of the whole
Gadamers - Horizon
- Person’s knowledge and experience are their Horizon
- This is the ground and limit of their understandin
- Each Horizon is Historically Determined and Culturally Embedded
- Horizons cannont be escaped
- Horizons shape our understanding
Gadamers - Fusion of Horizons
- Individual Horizon can transcend by exposure to another Horizon
- New Horizon has views that give new context to our Horizon
- Hegel Dialectical Reasoning & Piaget’s assimillation and accomodation
Gadamers - Tradition & Prejudice
- We are all embedded in a cultural tradition
- This creates prejudice of understanding
- This is why we state Paradigms, Ontology and Epistimology overtly
Gadamers - Language
- Language is the universal metod of communication
- Linguistic Medium describes Interpretation
- Language determines how we understand the world and know ourselves
- Social Constructionism how we give and receive love e.g. love languages
Gadamers - Dialogue
- Hermeneutic Experience is discusson between interpreter and the phenomena
- Understanding is dialogue between individuals
- Understanding is constrained by questions - as the questions change, understanding changes
Interpretive Process
- Phenomenological inquiry is a process
- Uncovers meanings hidden by perception of a phenomenon
Double Hermeneutic
- Participant makes sense of the world
- Researcher makes sense of the participant making sense of the world
3.
Reflexive Statement & IPA
- Challenges researcher to critically and reflexively evaluate any preconceptions
- Fore-conceptions emerge in the research process
- Need to acknowledge foregrounding and bracketing
Reflexive Statement & IPA
- Challenges researcher to critically and reflexively evaluate any preconceptions
- Fore-conceptions emerge in the research process
- Need to acknowledge foregrounding and bracketing
Bracketing
- Also known as foregrounding
- Acknowledging participants pre accounts
IPA Iterative Process
- A cycle of movement and understanding
- From interpreter to object of interpretation
- From parts of text to the whole text
- The Hermeneutic Circle
Idiography
- Wihem Windelband Neo-Kantian Philosopher
- Introduced Nomothetic and Idiographic terms
- These were entered into psychology by Alport 1962
Idiographic Orientation
- A complete, indepth understanding of an indiviual
- Focuses on Individuals rather than data
- Data is collected and aggregated as a whole
Idiographic Approach
- Aims for in depth focus of particular individual
- Commited to detail and finely textured analysis
- Does not rely on accumulated data - this is more nomothetic
- IPA Uses purposive homogenous sampling
- Single cases or Case-Studies
Analytic Process - Collecting Data
- Usually collected with semi or unstructured interviews
- Aims to capture a lived experience of participant
- Takes up epistomological position of realism
- Data is viewed as reflective rather than co-constructed
- Transcripts and Familiarisation and Pre-analysis of Qual Data Analysis
Analytic Practice - 3 Key Steps
- Empathic descriptive summary of individual - idiographic emphasis
- Thematic analysis of individual case from descriptive concepts to interprative
- Abstracted and conceptual reading across multiple cases
* Each case is analysed separately
* Text is always intepreted through the participant’s own words
* Direct Quotations are important throughout analysis
Analytic Process - Step 1: Brief descriptive summary
- Brief Descriptive, empathic summary
- Condence and capture individal experience
- Lens of understanding phenomena being investigated
- Use participants words to demonstrate empathic stance
Analytic Process - Step 2.1: Identifying concepts
- Read through transcripts a few times
- Left margin note anything interesting or significant
- Keep RQ in mind at all times
- Comment on language, similarities, differences and contradictions
- Try to make sense of what is impotant to the participant
Analytic Process - Step 2.1: Identifying concepts
- There are no rules, comment on anything that is interesting
- Some parts will be richer than others
- These will lead to further commentary
Analytic Process - Step 2.2: Identifying Themes
- Read through and document emerging sub-themes in right margins
- Move inital notes into concise paragraphs
- Capture the essence of the experience
- Keep focused on participants experience and also analysis
- Seek theoretical connections across cases
Step 2.2: Identifying Themes 2
- Cluster Concepts to form sub-themes
- List Subthemes on a sheet of paper in the order they appear
- Look for connections
- Connect ideas unified by a central concept
- ONLY look at what is said dirctly - Do NOT infer
Step 2.3: Identifying Superordinate Themes
- Find subthemes that point to larger order understanding
- Interpretaion often beyond participants words but always stay close to subjects actual words
- Clustered themes are Superordinate (Over-arching) Themes
- Should be only 1-3 superodinate themes
Step 2.4: Ordering
- Order emerging superordinate themes into groups
- Ensure order is coherent per Hermeneutic Circle
- Order is from most strongly capturing subjects experience to least strongly
Step 2.4: Ordering 2
- Note Subthemes under Superordinate themes
- Refer back to text and identify connects to participants words
- Give each Superordinate Theme it’s own name
- Should reflect participants words
Step 2.5: Find Identifiers
- Add Identifier of Instances under each theme
- These identify subthemes in participants words
- Identifier - where in the transcript the theme is found
- Instances - Key words that demonstrate the Identifier (page and line number is found
Moving to Step 3
- Steps 1 and 2 are completed in their entirety
- Done for each data source before the next is completed
- Once all data has been examined Superordinate Themes are compared across data set
- Final master themes are presented this way
Step 3: Final Structure
- Eliminate Superordinate themes that do not fit well
- Place theme clusters and identifiers in a table
- List subthemes which go with identifier
Modern Existentialism
- Husserl 1938
- Pure Phenomenology
- The Nature of Human Existence
- Ontology - The study of Existence or what it means to Be
