Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Field Theory
A
- Kurt Lewin
- Social Theory 1950s applied concepts from physics to psychology
Importance of: - Concepts of force, tension, constraint and context
- Experimental methods - Wood & Kroger 1998
2
Q
3 Criticisms of Experimental Social Psychology
A
- Deception is necessary tool for research - unethical; if you say what the research is for it changes the nature of the study
- Demand Characteristics - Peculiar experiments where stress demand not selected independent variables Implemented (Stanford Prison Experiment)
- Absence of everyday language consideration - “Interesting” has many different subjective conotations
3
Q
Two Books That Show Shift in Language Study
A
- How to do Things with Words - Austin 1962
- The Explanation of Social Behaviour - Harre and Secord 1972
* Encouraged the Philosophy of Language
* Steered away from Positivism
4
Q
Label & Describe
A
- Initially assumed that language was unambiguous
- Labels - Internal states (I’m happy)
- Descriptions - External Reality (It’s cold outside)
5
Q
Language as a Mirror
A
- Potter 1996 & Freesmith (ND) use this metaphor to describe perspective
- Language simply reflects reality
6
Q
Social Performance 1960s
A
- Fixed language was challenged
- Language was viewed as Productive
- Constructs ‘versions’ of social reality
- Achieves - Language actively changes social spaces
7
Q
Language as a Construction Yard
A
- Potter 1996 & Freesmith (ND)
- Language is used to construct versions of ideas and events
- Words are Never simple or neutral versions of reality
- They are Influential Choices
- Represent reality in selective ways
8
Q
Critique of Cognitivism
A
- All things can be described many ways
- This creates our knowledge of the world
- Present and Represent our own reality our own way
- Social psychologists began to critique Cognitivism
8
Q
Critique of Cognitivism
A
- All things can be described many ways
- This creates our knowledge of the world
- Present and Represent our own reality our own way
- Social psychologists began to critique Cognitivism
9
Q
Cognitivism
A
- Focus of inquiry is the study of Mental Representations
- Rules that control Cognitive Mediation of input from the environment
- Assumes these rules are universally true
10
Q
Discursive Psychology
A
- The focus on language and critique of cognitivism led to discourse
- Re-thinking of cognitive models
- Assumes phenomena of interest are created socially in and through discussions
11
Q
Discursive Psychology
A
- Language is Not Just a Tool to describe or communicate
- Is a Social Practice and way of doing things
- The World Runs on Talk - Wood & Kroger 1998
12
Q
Discourse Practices
A
- What people do with language
- How we use Discoursive Resources to acheive group objectives and social interactions
- Potter & Wetherell created Overt/Covert Racism
13
Q
Epistemological View of Discursive Pschology
A
- Hall 2018
- We all try to accuse others and defend ourselves
- It is a learned process
- Emphasises the Performative Aspects of discourse
- Discourse = Words
14
Q
Discourse Analysis
A
- Uses natural language - talk and text
- How we are accountable in day to day life
- Are unsolicited
- Take place within familiar settings
15
Q
Aims of Discourse Analysis
A
Seeks to find:
1. Performative Force of words
2. Penetrate Beyond common sense appearance of a social interaction to deconstruct what is said
16
Q
Three Fundamental Assumptions of Discourse Analysis
A
- Analysis of Discourse comes first before coding data
-
Take Apart in many ways
* Don’t build codes into abstract
* What does it consist of?
* How is it put together to accomplish different outcomes
3 . Elucidate Social Functions and consequences of discourse
17
Q
Discourse Analysts look at 2 Things:
A
- Style, Structure & Content
- How the above work together
* How are functions acheived? - Justification, rationalising, naming, blaming
18
Q
Discursive Actions are conceptualised
A
- Concerned with Memory, identity, attitudes and emotions
- These are concepts and considered Discursive Actions
- We construct in speech rather that as cognitive process
- How do we maintain our personal interests by talking about them
19
Q
Discourse Analysis - Functions and Consequences
A
- Find references to phenomena that occur naturally
- How these affect actions and results and behaviour
e.g. Toxic Positivity
20
Q
Discourse Analysis ToolKit
A
- Interpretive Repertoires
- Speech Acts
- Grammatical and semantic features
- Rhetorical.
21
Q
Interpretive Repertoires
A
- Can be seen as building block for constructing verbal actions
- Derived from key metaphors and figures of speech
e.g. worth or value of romantic love - Similar to Foucauldian Discourse Analysis or Superordinate themes
- What discourse is, How it functions and its consequence
22
Q
Two Primary Functions of Interpretive Repertoires
A
- Formulating the Nature of the phenomena
- Characterise and Evaluate actions or events
23
Q
Speech Acts
A
Single utterances that accomplish something
e.g I’m sorry = apoligy
24
Q
Grammatical Features
A
Modals - Should
Conditionals - If
Intensifier adverbs - Really
Metaphors - Have Syntax & Semantecs
25
Q
Rhetorical Strategies
A
- Ways in which language is used to persuade
- Derived from Aristotle where he outlines method to construct persuasive arguments
26
Q
Rhetoric: Building up Credibility
A
- Category Entitlement
- Concession
- Consensus
- Disclaimer
- Stake Management
- Active Voice
- Categorisation
- GerryMandering
- Making Evidence
- Pronoun Selection
- Used of Statistics
27
Q
Category Entitlement
A
- Using Experts to build a case
- Back up position with voices that carry weight
28
Q
Concession
A
- “I see your point but . . . “
- Set up person to be fair and reasonable
- Still sets them up to be dismissed
29
Q
Disclaimer
A
- “I am not a racist but . . . “
- Person pre-emptivley rejects criticism
30
Q
Stake Management
A
- Confession & Innoculation
- Protects against critique for unsubstantiated claim
- “I’m no doctor but . . . “
31
Q
Credentialling
A
Using experts with titles to back up a position
Similar to Category Entitlement
“the doctor told me . . “ or “the doctor said”
32
Q
Consensus
A
- Using the majority to make a claim indisputable
- “We all feel that . . .”
33
Q
Active Voice
A
- Claims responsiblity for the arguement
- “I conducted this study . . . “
34
Q
Passive Voice
A
- “This study was conducted . . .”
- Instead of “I conducted this study”
- Attempts to write the author out of the narrative
- Projecting objective, unbiased opinion
35
Q
Categorisation
A
Reveals philosophical positioning
Terrorist vs Freedom Fighter
36
Q
Gerrymandering
A
- Selective cases used to stake a claim
- “Election of a black president means there is no more racism”
37
Q
Make Evidence “Speak for Itself”
A
- “Obvoiusly that was not my intention . . . “
- Pre-Emptive Innocultion
- Obviously, Clearly, The facts show etc
- Presenting case with little explanation making it hard to dispute
38
Q
Pronoun Selection
A
- Us vs Them
- We are the same
- We are different
39
Q
Use of Statistics
A
- “50% Increase” may only be 3 people in a sample of 6
- The majority or minority as key words
- Any numerical references
- Seems evidence based but may not be
40
Q
Eliciting Emotion
A
- When we stir up emotions it makes people want to side with us
- Repetition
- Rhetorical Quesltions
- Falacies
- Three part lists are particulary effective
41
Q
Tricolon
A
- Rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words or phrases
- Also known as a triadic sentence
- Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
- Wine, Women and Song
42
Q
Fallacies
A
- Ways to Elicit Emotions that are not built on solid arguments
43
Q
Exemplum
A
- Example or model
- Story told to illustrate a moral point.
44
Q
Discourses
A
- Textual writings that are connected by writing or speech
- Concerned with the role of languag
- Epistemology of Social Constructionisom
45
Q
Discourses
A
- Textual writings that are connected by writing or speech
- Concerned with the role of languag
- Epistemology of Social Constructionisom
46
Q
Focauldian Discourse Analysis
A
- A form of Social Constructionism
- Michel Foucault - 1926-1984
- Language is used to shape knowledge and power
- Historian that sought to challenge wasy of knowing
- Seek to find what worked in the past
47
Q
Foucault - Knowledge & Power
A
- Power is all encompassing reality
- We are all trapped there and carticipate
- Studied punishment practices of our legal system
- Corporal punsihment replace by new forms of sanitised punishment
48
Q
Foucault - New forms of Punishment
A
- Centralised Surveillance
- Self Surveillance
- Decentralised Surveillance
49
Q
Panopticon
A
- A Central observation tower placed within a circle of prison cells.
- Every cell can be seen
- Inmates never know whether if they are being watched.
- Induce a state of conscous visibility that causes inmates to behave
50
Q
Knowledge & Power Panopticon
A
- Knowledge is put to work via discourse
- Patriarchy results in men controlling female narrative
- Discourse becomes second nature - Common Sense
- People then self regulate behaviour based on narrative
e.g. Womxn narrative
51
Q
Foucauldian Discourse - Subject Position
A
- The Speaker as the Subject
- Who or what is spoken about is the object
- Replaces the idea of a Coherent Subject like the ‘Self’ existing before discourse
- Notion of stable, fixed unchangeable subject like Identity is challenged
52
Q
Positioning
A
- Central to Foucauldian Discourse Analysis
- In medicine those who are sick are the subject and are passive
- In 19th century homosexuality was constructed as sick, illegal and needing punishment
- When Position is deconstructed our understanding of sexual orientation changes.
53
Q
Critical Methodology
A
- Used terms like Archaeology (History of Madness) & Genealogy (Discipline and Punish)
- Captured Criticial Methodology this way
54
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology
A
- Reversal
- Marginality
- Discontinuity
- Materiality
- Specificity
54
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology
A
- Reversal
- Marginality
- Discontinuity
- Materiality
- Specificity
55
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Reversal
A
- Take a standards historical perspective
- Overturn it as a way of refuting it
- Requires critical unpacking
e.g Australia Day vs Invasion Day
56
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Marginality
A
- Examine aspects of culture and history that have been excluded
- Foucault was interested in morality - Difference between religion and morality
e.g. The notion of what is normal
57
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Discontinuity
A
- Looking for gaps, breaks and catastrophes
- Not just focus on a lineary human progress
- Look at significant moments in time
- Critique moments of progress that caused disruption
e.g. COVID
58
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Materiality
A
- Look at concrete practices instead of belief systems and ideologies
- Purity Balls - Father as the boyfriend
59
Q
Foucault’s 5 Procedures of Critical Methodology - Specificity
A
- Focus on single instances
- Illuminate larger points and claims
- Idiographic
- Small Data Sets
60
Q
Henriques 1984 - Changing the Subject: Psychology, social regulation and subjectivity
A
- Critical Reflection with post structuralus theory perspective
- Examines the role in constructing objects and subjects they claim to explain
61
Q
Epistemological Framework - Foucault
A
- Role of Language in social life
- What kinds of objects and subjects are constructed through discourse
- What ways of being does discourse make available
- Words have power to drive our conduct
- What is appropriate according to the language rulebook?
62
Q
Epistemology - Discursive Resources
A
- Ways to construct Subjectivity, Selfhood and Power Relations
- This makes Foucauldian Discourse different from Discoursive Analysis
- FDA is Critical Social Constructionism
63
Q
FDA Questions of Power
A
- What is Knowledge?
- How did it arise?
- Whose interests are served by this knowledge?
- Whose interests does the knowledge oppress?
e.g. terms Victim vs Survivor position the Object differently in the dialogue
* Terms impact our social reality in different ways.
64
Q
Dallos Dallos 1997
A
- Discourses are Shared Assumptions about how the world works
- Assumptions are taken for granted
- Used to negotiated Power Relations - Reproduction/Resistance
- Statements must have been spoken at some stage
- Therefore Discourse involves language
65
Q
Dominant Discourses
A
- Discourse creates expectations and consequently influences behaviour
- Implicated in excerise of power and domination
e.g. Neoliberal Discourse
affords privelage to sections of society that sanction the discourse
66
Q
Regimes of Truth
A
- Some discourse become so embedded in culture it is difficult to change them
e.g. biological issues of Gender identity and Gendered society
67
Q
Rules of Right
A
- Whoever holds the right to act holds the power
- Traditionally Religion, Sovereignty, Governemnt
- Then Colonial Powers like - Whiteness, patriarchy, medicine and law
- Knowledge is produced by those with the Right to Act
- This then becomes truth
- Foucault says Power Produces Reality
68
Q
Changing Discourses
A
- Discourses are not stable or predetermined entities
- Exist in action, comversation and institutional practice
- Evolve, Disapear and are Contested
- Counter Discourse can and do emerg
69
Q
Discourses Within Groups
A
- Can appear to cross race, age, gender class
- Similar assumptions are simultaneously held by people with similar backgrounds
- In this way assumptions are maintained and difficult to challenge
24:00mins
