week 8

Question 1

Examples of DSM 5 disorders

Answer 1

• major depressive disorder
• dysthymic disorder
• bipolar disorder
• cyclothymic disorder
• premature dysphoric disorder
• substance induced depressive disorder
• psychotic depression
• disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 2

Melancholic disease

Answer 2

• universal disorder
• described in old testament and classical hindu medical texts (is ancient)
• involves biological psychological and sociocultural functioning

Question 3

major depressive disorder

Answer 3

• must have a major depressive episode in the absence of a history of mania
• major depressive episode involves:
• change in ability to function
• depressed mood, sadness, feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
• loss of interest in pleasurable activities
• must be for a period of at least two weeks

Question 4

symptoms of major depression

Answer 4

• weight gain or loss
• insomnia or hypersomnia
• psychomotor agitation or retardation
• fatigue or loss of energy
• feelings of worthlessness/inappropriate guilt
• lack of concentration
• thoughts of death or suicide

Question 5

persistent depressive order

Answer 5

• chronic, lasting at least two years
• includes chronic MDD or dysthymia which is a milder more chronic form of depression - high risk of relapse and 90% develop MDD
• only diagnose in people without history of mania

Question 6

prevalence and costs of depression

Answer 6

• lifetime prevalence for unipolar depression is around 18% in western populations
• impairs work, family and social functioning
• costs average worker about 27 lost working days per year
• most sufferers experience repeated episodes

Question 7

casual factors linked with mod disorders

Answer 7

• risk increased by stressful life events
• 80% of MDD sufferers repot a stressful life event preceding the disorder:
• bereavement
• break up of a relationship
• prolonged unemployment
• physical illness
• Carter and Garber (2011) said in young people, interpersonal stress associated with depression only in those who think negatively
• need to consider importance of coping mechanisms, genetic factors, availability of social support

Question 8

Beck’s cognitive triad of depression

Answer 8

• distorted ways of thinking develop in childhood and place one at increase risk for depression in later life.
• negative cognitions abut the future, the world and ones self

Question 9

Martin Seligman

Answer 9

• people who are depressed view selves as helpless to change own lives for the better.
• Helplessness is learned, depends on situational factors and experiences
• dogs who experience inescapable electrical shocks failed to escaper when escape became possible which showed lethargy/lack of emotion

Question 10

vulnerability to depression stems from explaining disappointments using three types of attribution

Answer 10

internal factors - beliefs that failures reflect personal inadequacies rather than external factors
Global factors - beliefs that failures reflect flaws in personality rather than specific factors
stable factors - beefs that things will never change

Question 11

biochemical factors

Answer 11

• antidepressants increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline

Question 12

difference in causal theories

Answer 12

• psychodynamic explanations
• behavioural theories
• cognitive theories: negative cognitions & self-schemas, learned helplessness, hopelessness theory
• neurotransmitter balance

Question 13

treating depression

Answer 13

• recognising and correcting distorted cognitions
• typically lasts 14-16 sessions
• clients monitor automatic negative thoughts that are then challenged by therapist: - all or nothing thinking, overgeneralisation, magnification, personalisation

Question 14

effectiveness of antidepressants

Answer 14

• neurotransmitter levels rise in hours or days
• may take weeks or months for full effects to be achieved
• relieve symptoms but only 1 in 3 experience remission
• relapse common after withdrawal
• more effective with severely depressed patients
• SSRIs most commonly used

Question 15

electro convulsive therapy

Answer 15

• electrical current passed through brain to produce epileptic fit
• ECT should be considered for the rapid treatment of severe depression that is life-threatening
• should not be used routinely in moderate depression, although can be helpful for someone with moderate depression if they have not responded to several different drug treatments

Question 16

bipolar disorder

Answer 16

• disorder that is characterise by periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression
• first episode either manic or depressive
• Manic episodes last a few weeks and end more abruptly than depressive episodes
• develops around age 20

Question 17

challenges of bipolar

Answer 17

• not easy to recognise
• many symptoms overlap with psychiatric disorders
• comorbidity is common
• sufferers lack insight
• much stigma in social environments

Question 18

Bipolar I vs bipolar II

Answer 18

bipolar I
- must have experienced a full manic episode
- involves swings between mania and depression
bipolar II
- must have experiences hypomanic episodes and at least one major depressive episode

Question 19

cyclothymic disorder

Answer 19

• chronic state of cycling between hypomanic and depressive episodes but not to same extent that can diagnose with bipolar

Question 20

manic episodes

Answer 20

• begin abruptly
• unusually cheerful
• poor judgment/argumentative
• speak and change topics rapidly
• inflated self-esteem
• awake early and full of energy
• impaired ability to work
• may engage in impulsive behaviours

Question 21

causes of bipolar

Answer 21

• exact cause is unknown

- number of factors that work together to make a person more likely to develop the disorder

Question 22

treatment of bipolar

Answer 22

• most treated with a combination of medication - lithium carbonate most commonly used to treat